Skip to content

Chapter Ten

Let the Mute Witnesses Speak

Sita Ram Goel

The cradle of Hindu culture1 on the eve of its Islamic invasion included what are at present the Sinkiang province of China, the Transoxiana region of Russia, the Seistan province of Iran and the sovereign states of Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. The Islamic invasion commenced around 650 A.D., when a Muslim army secured a foothold in Seistan, and continued till the end of the eighteenth century, when the last Islamic crusader, Tipu Sultan, was overthrown by the British. Hordes of Arabs, Persians, Turks, and Afghans who had been successively inspired by the Theology of Islam poured in, in wave after wave, carrying fire and sword to every nook and corner of this vast area. In the process, Sinkiang, Transoxiana region, Seistan and Afghanistan became transformed into daru’l-IslÃm where all vestiges of the earlier culture were wiped out. The same spell has engulfed the areas which were parts of India till 1947 and have since become Pakistan and Bangladesh.

We learn from literary and epigraphic sources, accounts of foreign travellers in medieval times, and modern archaeological explorations that, on the eve of the Islamic invasion, the cradle of Hindu culture was honeycombed with temples and monasteries, in many shapes and sizes. The same sources inform us that many more temples and monasteries continued to come up in places where the Islamic invasion had yet to reach or from where it was forced to retire for some time by the rallying of Hindu resistance. Hindus were great temple builders because their pantheon was prolific in Gods and Goddesses and their society rich in schools and sects, each with its own way of worship. But by the time we come to the end of the invasion, we find that almost all these Hindu places of worship had either disappeared or were left in different stages of ruination. Most of the sacred sites had come to be occupied by a variety of Muslim monuments-masjids and idgahs (mosques), dargahs and ziarats (shrines), mazars and maqbaras (tombs), madrasas and maktabs (seminaries), takiyas and qabristans (graveyards). Quite a few of the new edifices had been built from the materials of those that had been deliberately demolished in order to satisfy the demands of Islamic Theology. The same materials had been used frequently in some secular structures as well-walls and gates of forts and cities, river and tank embankments, caravanserais and stepwells, palaces and pavilions.

Some apologists of Islam have tried to lay the blame at the door of the White Huns or Epthalites who had overrun parts of the Hindu cradle in the second half of the fifth century A.D. But they count without the witness of Hiuen Tsang, the famous Chinese pilgrim and Buddhist savant, who travelled all over this area from 630 A.D. to 644. Starting from Karashahr in Northern Sinkiang, he passed through Transoxiana, Northern Afghanistan, North-West Frontier Province, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, North-Eastern Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Nepal, Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Mahakosal and Andhra Pradesh till he reached Tamil Nadu. On his return journey he travelled through Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Bharat, Sindh, Southern Afghanistan and Southern Sinkiang. In most of these provinces he found in a flourishing state many Buddhist establishments consisting of viharas (monasteries), chaityas (temples) and stupas (topes), besides what he described as heretical (Jain) and deva (Brahmanical) temples. The wealth of architecture and sculptures he saw everywhere confirms what we learn from Hindu literary sources. Some of this wealth has been recovered in recent times from under mounds of ruins.

During the course of his pilgrimage, Hiuen Tsang stayed at as many as 95 Buddhist centres among which the more famous ones were at Kuchi, Aqsu, Tirmiz, Uch Turfan, Kashagar and Khotan in Sinkiang; Balkh, Ghazni, Bamiyan, Kapisi, Lamghan, Nagarahar and Bannu in Afghanistan; Pushkalavati, Bolar and Takshasila in the North-West Frontier Province; Srinagar, Rajaori and Punch in Kashmir; Sialkot, Jalandhar and Sirhind in the Punjab; Thanesar, Pehowa and Sugh in Haryana; Bairat and Bhinmal in Rajasthan, Mathura, Mahoba, Ahichchhatra, Sankisa, Kanauj, Ayodhya, Prayag, Kausambi, Sravasti, Kapilvastu, Kusinagar, Varanasi, Sarnath and Ghazipur in Uttar Pradesh; Vaishali, Pataliputra, Rajgir, Nalanda, Bodhgaya, Monghyr and Bhagalpur in Bihar; Pundravardhana, Tamralipti, Jessore and Karnasuvarna in Bengal; Puri and Jajnagar in Orissa; Nagarjunikonda and Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh; Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu; Badami and Kalyani in Karnataka; Paithan and Devagiri in Maharashtra; Bharuch, Junagarh and Valabhi in Gujarat; Ujjain in Malwa; Mirpur Khas and Multan in Sindh. The number of Buddhist monasteries at the bigger ones of these centres ranged from 50 to 500 and the number of monks in residence from 1,000 to 10,000. It was only in some parts of Eastern Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province that monasteries were in a bad shape, which can perhaps be explained by the invasion of White Huns. But so were they in Kusinagar and Kapilavastu where the White Huns are not known to have reached. On the other hand, the same invaders had ranged over Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and most of Uttar Pradesh where Hiuen Tsang found the monasteries in a splendid state. They had even established their rule over Kashmir where Hiuen Tsang saw 500 monasteries housing 5,000 monks. It is, therefore, difficult to hold them responsible for the disappearance of Buddhist centres in areas where Hiuen Tsang had found them flourishing. An explanation has to be found elsewhere. In any case, the upheaval they caused was over by the middle of the sixth century. Moreover, the temples and monasteries which Hiuen Tsang saw were only a few out of many. He had not gone into the interior of any province, having confined himself to the more famous Buddhist centres.

What was it that really happened to thousands upon thousands of temples and monasteries? Why did they disappear and/or give place to another type of monuments? How come that their architectural and sculptural fragments got built into the foundations and floors and walls and domes of the edifices which replaced them? These are crucial questions which should have been asked by students of medieval Indian history. But no historian worth his name has raised these questions squarely, not to speak of finding adequate answers to them. No systematic study of the subject has been made so far. All that we have are stray references to the demolition of a few Hindu temples, made by the more daring Hindu historians while discussing the religious policy of this or that sultan. Sir Jadunath Sarkar2 and Professor Sri Ram Sharma3 have given more attention to the Islamic policy of demolishing Hindu temples and pointed an accusing finger at the theological tenets which dictated that policy. But their treatment of the subject is brief and their enumeration of temples destroyed by Aurangzeb and the other Mughal emperors touches only the fringe of a vast holocaust caused by the Theology of Islam, all over the cradle of Hindu culture, and throughout more than thirteen hundred years, taking into account what happened in the native Muslim states carved out after the British take-over and the formation of Pakistan after partition in 1947.

Muslim historians, in India and abroad, have written hundreds of accounts in which the progress of Islamic armies across the cradle of Hindu culture is narrated, stage by stage and period by period. A pronounced feature of these Muslim histories is a description-in smaller or greater detail but always with considerable pride-of how the Hindus were slaughtered en masse or converted by force, how hundreds of thousands of Hindu men and women and children were captured as booty and sold into slavery, how Hindu temples and monasteries were razed to the ground or burnt down, and how images of Hindu Gods and Goddesses were destroyed or desecrated. Commandments of Allah (Quran) and precedents set by the Prophet (Sunnah) are frequently cited by the authors in support of what the swordsmen and demolition squads of Islam did with extraordinary zeal, not only in the midst of war but also, and more thoroughly, after Islamic rule had been firmly established. A reference to the Theology of Islam as perfected by the orthodox Imams, leaves little doubt that the citations are seldom without foundation.

The men and women and children who were killed or captured or converted by force cannot be recalled for standing witnesses to what was done to them by the heroes of Islam. The apologists for Islam-the most dogged among them are some Hindu historians and politicians-have easily got away with the plea that Muslim ‘court scribes’ had succumbed to poetic exaggeration in order to please their pious patrons. Their case is weakened when they cite the same sources in support of their owns speculation or when the question is asked as to why the patrons needed stories of bloodshed and wanton destruction for feeding their piety. But they have taken in their stride these doubts and questions as well.

There are, however, witnesses who are not beyond recall and who can confirm that the ‘court scribes’ were not at all foisting fables on their readers. These are the hundreds of thousands of sculptural and architectural fragments which stand arrayed in museums and drawing rooms all over the world, or which are waiting to be picked up by public and private collectors, or which stare at us from numerous Muslim monuments. These are the thousands of Hindu temples and monasteries which either stand on the surface in a state of ruination or lie buried under the earth waiting for being brought to light by the archaeologist’s spade. These are the thousands of Muslim edifices, sacred as well as secular, which occupy the sites of Hindu temples and monasteries and/or which have been constructed from materials of those monuments. All these witnesses carry unimpeachable evidence of the violence that was done to them, deliberately and by human hands.

So far no one has cared to make these witnesses speak and relate the story of how they got ruined, demolished, dislocated, dismembered, defaced, mutilated and burnt. Recent writers on Hindu architecture and sculpture-their tribe is multiplying fast, mostly for commercial reasons-ignore the ghastly wounds which these witnesses show on the very first sight, and dwell on the beauties of the limbs that have survived or escaped injury. Many a time they have to resort to their imagination for supplying what should have been there but is missing. All they seem to care for is building their own reputations as historians of Hindu art. If one draws their attention to the mutilations and disfigurements suffered by the subjects under study, one is met with a stunned silence or denounced downright as a Hindu chauvinist out to raise ‘demons from the past’4 with the deliberate intention of causing ‘communal strife.’

We, therefore, propose to present a few of these witnesses in order to show in what shape they are and what they have to say.

Tordi (Rajasthan)

‘At Tordi there are two fine and massively built stone baolis or step wells known as the Chaur and Khari Baoris. They appear to be old Hindu structures repaired or rebuilt by Muhammadans, probably in the early or middle part of the 15th century. In the construction of the (Khari) Baori Hindu images have been built in, noticeable amongst them being an image of Kuber on the right flanking wall of the large flight of steps.’5

Naraina (Rajasthan)

‘At Naraina is an old pillared mosque, nine bays long and four bays deep, constructed out of old Hindu temples and standing on the east of the Gauri Shankar tank. The mosque appears to have been built when Mujahid Khan, son of Shams Khan, took possession of Naraina in 840 A.H. or 1436 A.D. To the immediate north of the mosque is the three-arched gateway called Tripolia which is also constructed with materials from old Hindu temples.’6

Chatsu (Rajasthan)

‘At Chatsu there is a Muhammadan tomb erected on the eastern embankment of the Golerava tank. The tomb which is known as Gurg Ali Shah’s chhatri is built out of the spoils of Hindu buildings. On the inside of the twelve-sided frieze of the chhatri is a long Persian inscription in verse, but worn out in several places. The inscription does not mention the name of any important personage known to history and all that can be made out with certainty is that the saint Gurg Ali (wolf of Ali) died a martyr on the first of Ramzan in 979 A.H. corresponding to Thursday, the 17th January, 1572 A.D.’7

SaheTh-MaheTh (Uttar Pradesh)

‘The ruined Jain temple situated in the western portion of MaheTh derives the name Sobhnath’ from Sambhavanatha, the third TirthaMkara, who is believed to have been born at Sravasti8

‘Let us now turn our attention to the western-most part of Sobhnath ruins. It is crowned by a domed edifice, apparently a Muslim tomb of the Pathan period.9

‘These remains are raised on a platform, 30’ square, built mostly of broken bricks including carved ones. This platform, no doubt, represents the plinth of the last Jain temple which was destroyed by the Muhammadan conquerors. It will be seen from the plan that the enclosure of the tomb overlaps this square platform. The tomb proper stands on a mass of debris which is probably the remains of the ruined shrine.10

‘3. Sculpture of buff standstone, partly destroyed, representing a TirthaMkara seated cross-legged in the attitude of meditation on a throne supported by two lions couchant, placed on both sides of a wheel.

‘4. Sculpture of buff sandstone, partly defaced, representing a TirthaMkara seated cross-legged (as above).

‘8. Sculpture of buff sandstone, defaced, representing a TirthaMkara standing between two miniature figures of which that to his right is seated.

‘9. Sculpture of buff standstone, defaced, representing a TirthaMkara, standing under a parasol

‘12. Sculpture of buff standstone, much defaced, representing a male and a female figure seated side by side under a palm tree.

‘13. Sculpture of buff standstone, broken in four pieces, and carved with five figurines of TirthaMkaras seated cross-legged in the attitude of meditation. The central figure has a Naga hood. The sculpture evidently was the top portion of a large image slab.’11

Coming to the ruins of a Buddhist monastery in the same complex, the archaeologist proceeds:

‘In the 23rd cell, which I identify with the store-room, I found half-buried in the floor a big earthen jar. This must have been used for storage of corn.

‘This cell is connected with a find which is certainly the most notable discovery of the season. I refer to an inscribed copper-plate of Govindachandra of Kanauj. The charter was issued from Varanasi on Monday, the full moon day of ÃshaDha Sam. 1186, which corresponds to the 23rd of June, 1130. The inscription records the grant of six villages to the Community of Buddhist friars of whom Buddhabhattaraka is the chief and foremost, residing in the great convent of the holy Jetavana,’ and is of a paramount importance, in as much as it conclusively settles the identification of MaheTh with the city of Sravasti.’12

He describes as follows some of the sculptures unearthed at SrAvastI:

‘S.1. Statuette in grey stone of Buddha seated cross-legged in the teaching attitude on a conventional lotus. The head, breast and fore-arms as well as the sides of the sculpture are broken.

‘S.2. Lower portion. of a blue schist image of Avalokitesvara in the sportive attitude (lilasana) on a lotus seat.

‘S. 3. Image of Avalokitesvara seated in ardhaparyanka attitude on a conventional lotus. The head and left arms of the main figure are missing.’13

Sarnath (Uttar Pradesh)

The report of excavations undertaken in 1904-05 says that ‘the inscriptions found there extending to the twelfth century A.D. show that the connection of Sarnath with Buddhism was still remembered at that date.’ It continues that ‘the condition of the excavated ruins leaves little doubt that a violent catastrophe accompanied by willful destruction and plunder overtook the place.’14 Read this report with the Muslim account that Muhammad GhurI destroyed a thousand idol-temples when he reached Varanasi after defeating Maharaja Jayachandra of Kanauj in 1193 A.D. The fragments that are listed below speak for themselves. The number given in each case is the one adopted in the report of the excavation.

a 42. Upper part of sculptured slab.

E.8. Architectural fragment, with Buddha (?) seated cross-legged on lotus.

a.22. Defaced standing Buddha, hands missing.

a.17. Buddha head with halo.

a. 8. Head and right arm of image.

E.22. Upper part of image.

E.14. Broken seated figure holding object in left hand.

a.11. Fragment of larger sculpture; bust, part of head, and right overarm of female chauri-bearer.

E.25. Upper part of female figure with big ear-ring.

E.6. Fragment of sculpture, from top of throne (?) on left side.

n.19. Seated figure of Buddha in bhumisparśamudra, much defaced.

n.221. Torso, with arms of Buddha in dharmachakramudra.

n.91. Lower part of Buddha seated cross-legged on throne. Defaced.

n.142. Figure of Avalokiteśvara in relief. Legs from knees downwards wanting.

n.1. Relief partly, defaced and upper part missing. Buddha descending from the TrayastriMśa Heaven Head and left hand missing.

i.50. Lower half of statue. Buddha in bhumisparśamudra seated on lotus.

i.17. Buddha in attitude of meditation on lotus. Head missing.

i.46. Head of Buddha with short curls.

i.44. Head of Avalokiteśvara, with Amitabha Buddha in headdress.

n.10. Fragment of three-headed figure (? Marichi) of green stone.

i.49. Standing figure of attendant from upper right of image. Half of face, feet and left hand missing.

i.1. Torso of male figure, ornamented.

i.4. Female figure, with lavishly ornamented head. The legs from knees, right arm and left forearm are missing. Much defaced.

i.105. Hand holding Lotus.

n.172. Torso of Buddha.

n.18. Head of Buddha, slightly defaced.

n.16. Female figure, feet missing.

n.97. Lower part of female figure. Feet missing.

n.163. Buddha, seated. Much defaced.

K.4. Fragment of seated Buddha in blue Gaya stone.

K.5. Fragment of large statue, showing small Buddha seated in bhumisparśamudra

K.18. Fragment of statue in best Gupta style.

J.S.18. 27 and 28. Three Buddha heads of Gupta style.

J.S.7. Figure of Kubera in niche, with halo behind head. Partly defaced.

r.67. Upper part of male figure, lavishly adorned.

r.72. a and b. Pieces of pedestal with three Buddhas in dhyanamudra.

r.28. Part of arm, adorned with armlet and inscription in characters of 10th century, containing Buddhist creed.

B.22. Fragment of Bodhi scene (?); two women standing on conventional rock. Head and right arm of left hand figure broken.

B.33. Defaced sitting Buddha in dhyanamudra.

B.75. Lower part of Buddha in bhumisparśamudra seated cross-legged on lotus.

B.40. Feet of Buddha sitting cross-legged on lotus on throne.

B.38. Headless defaced Buddha seated cross-legged on lotus in dharmachakramudra.

Y.24. Headless Buddha stated cross-legged on throne in dharmachakramudra.

B.52. Bust of Buddha in dharmachakramudra. Head missing.

B.16. Standing Buddha in varadamudra; hands and feet broken.

Y.34. Upper part of Buddha in varadamudra.

B.24. Bust of standing Buddha in abhayamudra; left hand and head missing.

B.31. Defaced standing Buddha in abhayamudra. Head and feet missing.

B.48. Feet of standing Buddha with red paint.

B.15. Lower part of AvalokiteSvara seated on lotus in lilasana.

Y.23. Bust of figure seated in lilasana with trace of halo.

B.59. Legs of figure sitting cross-legged on lotus.

B.7. Female bust with ornaments and high headdress. Left arm and right forearm missing.15

Vaishali (Bihar)

‘In the southern section of the city the fort of Raja Bisal is by far the most important ruin. South-west of it stands an old brick Stupa, now converted into a Dargah. The name of the saint who is supposed to have been buried there was given to me as Miran-Ji.’16

Gaur and Pandua (Bengal)

‘In order to erect mosques and tombs the Muhammadans pulled down all Hindu temples they could lay their hands upon for the sake of the building materials.

‘The oldest and the best known building at Gaur and Pandua is the Ãdina Masjid at Pandua built by Sikandar Shah, the son of Ilyas Shah. The date of its inscription may be read as either 776 or 770, which corresponds with 1374 or 1369 A.D. The materials employed consisted largely of the spoils of Hindu temples and many of the carvings from the temples have been used as facings of doors, arches and pillars.’17

Devikot (Bengal)

‘The ancient city of Kotivarsha, which was the seat of a district (vishaya) under Pundra-vardhana province (bhukti) at the time of the Guptas. is now represented by extensive mounds of Bangarh or Ban Rajar Garh. The older site was in continuous occupation till the invasion of the Muhammadans in the thirteenth century to whom it was known as Devkot or Devikot. It possesses Muhammadan records ranging from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century.18

‘The Rajbari mound at the South-east corner is one of the highest mounds at Bangarh and. must contain some important remains. The Dargah of Sultan Pir is a Muhammadan shrine built on the site of an old Hindu temple of which four granite pillars are still standing in the centre of the enclosure, the door jambs having been used in the construction of the gateway.

‘The Dargah of Shah Ata on the north bank of the Dhal-dighi tank is another building built on the ruins of an older Hindu or Buddhist structure. The female figure on the lintels of the doorway now, fixed in the east wall of the Dargah appears to be Tara, from which it would appear that the temple destroyed was Buddhist.’19

Tribeni (Bengal)

‘The principal object of interest at Tribeni is the Dargah of Zafar Khan Ghazi. The chronology of this ruler may be deduced from the two inscriptions of which one has been fitted into the plinth of his tomb, while the other is inside the small mosque to the west of the tomb. Both refer to him and the first tells us that he built the mosque close to the Dargah, which dates from A.D. 1298; while the second records the erection by him of a Madrasah or college in the time of Shamsuddin Firoz Shah and bears a date corresponding to the 28th April, 1313 A.D. It was he who conquered the Hindu Raja of Panduah, and introduced Islam into this part of Lower Bengal. The tomb is built out of the spoils taken from Hindu temples.20

‘The eastern portion of the tomb was formerly a maNDapa of an earlier Krishna temple which stood on the same spot and sculptures on the inner walls represent scenes from the RamayaNa and the Mahabharata, with descriptive titles inscribed in proto-Bengali characters. The other frieze shows Vishnu with Lakshmi and Sarasvati in the centre, with two attendents, and five avataras of VishNu on both flanks. Further clearance work has been executed during the year 1932-33 and among the sculptures discovered in that year are twelve figures of the Sun God, again in the 12th century style and evidently reused by the masons when the Hindu temple was converted into a Muslim structure.’21

Mandu (Madhya Pradesh)

‘MaNDu became the capital of the Muhammadan Sultans of Malva who set about buildings themselves palaces and mosques, first with material pilfered from Hindu temples (already for the most part desecrated and ruined by the iconoclastic fury of their earlier co-religionists), and afterwards with their own quarried material. Thus nearly all the traces of the splendid shrines of the ParamAras of MAlvA have disappeared save what we find utilized in the ruined mosques and tombs.22

‘The date of the construction of the Hindola Mahall cannot be fixed with exactitude. There can, however, be no doubt that it is one of the earliest of the Muhammadan buildings in MaNDu. From its outward appearance there is no sign of Hindu workmanship but the repairs, that have been going on for the past one year, have brought to light a very large number of stones used in the structure, which appear, to have been taken from some pre-existing Hindu temple. The facing stones, which have been most accurately and smoothly cut on their outer surfaces, bear in very many cases on their inner sides the under faced images of Hindu gods, or patterns of purely Hindu design, while pieces of Hindu carving and broken parts of images are found indiscriminately mixed with the rubble, of which the core of the walls is made.’23

Dhar (Madhya Pradesh)

‘The mosque itself appears from local tradition and from the numerous indications and inscriptions found within it to have been built on the site of, and to a large extent out of materials taken from, a Hindu Temple, known to the inhabitants as Raja Bhoja’s school. The inference was derived sometime back from the existence of a Sanskrit alphabet and some Sanskrit grammatical forms inscribed in serpentine diagrams on two of the pillar bases in the large prayer chamber and from certain Sanskrit inscriptions on the black stone slabs imbedded in the floor of the prayer chamber, and on the reverse face of the side walls of the mihrab.24

‘The Lat Masjid built in A.D. 1405, by Dilawar Khan, the founder of the Muhammadan kingdom of Malva is of considerable interest not only on account of the Iron Lat which lies outside it but also because it is a good specimen of the use made by the Muhammadan conquerors of the materials of the Hindu temples which they destroyed.’25

Vijayanagar (Karnataka)

‘During the construction of the new road-some mounds which evidently marked the remains of destroyed buildings, were dug into, and in one of them were disclosed the foundations of a rectangular building with elaborately carved base. Among the debris were lumps of charcoal and calcined iron, probably the remains of the materials used by the Muhammadans in the destruction of the building. The stones bear extensive signs of having been exposed to the action of fire. That the chief buildings were destroyed by fire, historical evidence shows, and many buildings, notably the ViThalaswAmin temple, still bear signs, in their cracked and fractured stone work, of the catastrophe which overtook them.26

‘The most important temple at Vijayanagar from an architectural point of view, is the ViThalaswamin temple. It stands in the eastern limits of the ruins, near the bank of the TuNgabhadra river, and shows in its later structures the extreme limit in floral magnificence to which the Dravidian style advanced. This building had evidently attracted the special attention of the Muhammadan invaders in their efforts to destroy the buildings of the city, of which this was no doubt one of the most important, for though many of the other temples show traces of the action of fire, in none of them are the effects so marked as in this. Its massive construction, however, resisted all the efforts that were made to bring it down and the only visible results of their iconoclastic fury are the cracked beams and pillars, some of the later being so flaked as to make one marvel that they are yet able to bear the immense weight of the stone entablature and roof above.’27

Bijapur (Karnataka)

‘No ancient Hindu or Jain buildings have survived at Bijapur and the only evidence of their former existence is supplied by two or three mosques, viz., Mosque No. 294, situated in the compound of the Collector’s bungalow, Krimud-d-din Mosque and a third and smaller mosque on the way to the Mangoli Gate, which are all adaptations or re-erections of materials obtained from temples. These mosques are the earliest Muhammadan structures and one of them, i.e., the one constructed by Karimud-d-din, must according to a Persian and Nagari inscription engraved upon its pillars, have been erected in the year 1402 Saka=A.D. 1324, soon after Malik Kafur’s conquest of the. Deccan.’28

Badami (Karnataka)

‘Three stone lintels bearing bas-reliefs were discovered in, course of the clearance at the second gateway of the Hill Fort to the north of the Bhutnath tank at Badami. These originally belonged to a temple which is now in ruins and were re-used at a later period in the construction of the plinth of guardroom on the fort.

‘The bas-reliefs represent scenes from the early life of KRISHNA and may be compared with similar ones in the BADAMI CAVES.’29

The Pattern of Destruction

The Theology of Islam divides human history into two periods-the Jahiliyya or the age of ignorance which preceded Allah’s first revelation to Prophet Muhammad, and the age of enlightenment which succeeded that event. It follows that every human creation which existed in the ‘age of ignorance’ has to be converted to its Islamic version or destroyed. The logic applies to pre-Islamic buildings as much as to pre-Islamic ways of worship, mores and manners, dress and decor, personal and place names. This is too large a subject to be dealt with at present. What concerns us here is the fate of temples and monasteries that existed on the eve of the Islamic invasion and that came up in the course of its advance.

What happened to many ‘abodes of the infidels’ is best described by a historian of Vijayanagar in the wake of Islamic victory in 1565 A.D. at the battle of Talikota. ‘The third day,’ he writes, ‘saw the beginning of the end. The victorious Mussulmans had halted on the field of battle for rest and refreshment, but now they had reached the capital, and from that time forward for a space of five months Vijayanagar knew no rest. The enemy had come to destroy, and they carried out their object relentlessly. They slaughtered the people without mercy; broke down the temples and palaces, and wreaked such savage vengeance on the abode of the kings, that, with the exception of a few great stone-built temples and walls, nothing now remains but a heap of ruins to mark the spot where once stately buildings stood. They demolished the statues and even succeeded in breaking the limbs of the huge Narsimha monolith. Nothing seemed to escape them. They broke up the pavilions standing on the huge platform from which the kings used to watch festivals, and overthrew all the carved work. They lit huge fires in the magnificently decorated buildings forming the temple of Vitthalswamin near the river, and smashed its exquisite stone sculptures. With fire and sword, with crowbars and axes, they carried on day after day their work of destruction. Never perhaps in the history of the world has such havoc been wrought, and wrought so suddenly, on so splendid a city: teeming with a wealthy and industrious population in the full plenitude of prosperity one day, and on the next seized, pillaged, and reduced to ruins, amid scenes of savage massacre and horrors beggaring description.30

The Muslim victors did not get time to raise their own structures from the ruins of Vijayanagar, partly because the Hindu Raja succeeded in regrouping his forces and re-occupying his capital and partly because they did not have the requisite Muslim population to settle in that large city; another invader, the Portuguese, had taken control of the Arabian Sea and blocked the flow of fresh recruits from Muslim countries in the Middle East. What would have happened otherwise is described by Alexander Cunningham in his report on Mahoba. ‘As Mahoba was,’ he writes, ‘for some time the headquarters of the early Muhammadan Governors, we could hardly expect to find that any Hindu buildings had escaped their furious bigotry, or their equally destructive cupidity. When the destruction of a Hindu temple furnished the destroyer with the ready means of building a house for himself on earth, as well as in heaven, it is perhaps wonderful that so many temples should still be standing in different parts of the country. It must be admitted, however, that, in none of the cities which the early Muhammadans occupied permanently, have they left a single temple standing, save this solitary temple at Mahoba, which doubtless owed its preservation solely to its secure position amid the deep waters of the Madan-Sagar. In Delhi, and Mathura, in Banaras and Jonpur, in Narwar and Ajmer, every single temple was destroyed by their bigotry, but thanks to their cupidity, most of the beautiful Hindu pillars were preserved, and many of them, perhaps, on their original positions, to form new colonnades for the masjids and tombs of the conquerors. In Mahoba all the other temples were utterly destroyed and the only Hindu building now standing is part of the palace of Parmal, or Paramarddi Deva, on the hill-fort, which has been converted into a masjid. In 1843, I found an inscription of Paramarddi Deva built upside down in the wall of the fort just outside this masjid. It is dated in S. 1240, or A.D. 1183, only one year before the capture of Mahoba by Prithvi-Raj Chohan of Delhi. In the Dargah of Pir Mubarak Shah, and the adjacent Musalman burial-ground, I counted 310 Hindu pillars of granite. I found a black stone bull lying beside the road, and the argha of a lingam fixed as a water-spout in the terrace of the Dargah. These last must have belonged to a temple of Siva, which was probably built in the reign of Kirtti Varmma, between 1065 and 1085 A.D., as I discovered an inscription of that prince built into the wall of one of the tombs.’31

Many other ancient cities and towns suffered the same tragic transformation. Bukhara, Samarkand, Balkh, Kabul, Ghazni, Srinagar, Peshawar, Lahore, Multan, Patan, Ajmer, Delhi, Agra Dhar, Mandu, Budaun, Kanauj, Biharsharif, Patna, Lakhnauti, Ellichpur, Daulatabad, Gulbarga, Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda-to mention only a few of the more famous Hindu capitals-lost their native character and became nests of a closed creed waging incessant war on a catholic culture. Some of these places lost even their ancient names which had great and glorious associations. It is on record that the Islamic invaders coined and imposed this or that quranic concoction on every place they conquered. Unfortunately for them, most of these impositions failed to stick, going the way they came. But quite a few succeeded and have endured till our own times. Reviving the ancient names wherever they have got eclipsed is one of the debts which Hindu society owes to its illustrious ancestors.

On the other hand, a large number of cities, towns and centres of Hindu civilization disappeared from the scene and their ruins have been identified only in recent times, as in the case of Kapiśi, Lampaka, Nagarahara, Pushkalavati, UdbhaNDapura, Takshśila, Ãlor, Brahmanabad, Debal, Nandana, Agroha Viratanagara, Ahichchhatra, Śravasti, Sarnath, Vaiśali, Vikramśila, Nalanda, KarNasuvarNa, PuNDravardhana, Somapura, Jajanagar, DhanyakaTaka, Vijayapuri, Vijayanagara, Dvarasamudra. What has been found on top of the ruins in most cases is a mosque or a dargah or a tomb or some other Muslim monument, testifying to Allah’s triumph over Hindu Gods. Many more mounds are still to be explored and identified. A survey of archaeological sites in the Frontier Circle alone and as far back as 1920, listed 255 dheris32 or mounds which, as preliminary explorations indicated, hid ruins of ancient dwellings and/or places of worship. Some dheris, which had been excavated and were not included in this count, showed every sign of deliberate destruction. By that time, many more mounds of a similar character had been located in other parts of the cradle of Hindu culture. A very large number has been added to the total count in subsequent years. Whichever of them is excavated tells the same story, most of the time. It is a different matter that since the dawn of independence, Indian archaeologists functioning under the spell or from fear of Secularism, record or report only the ethnographical stratifications and cultural sequences.33

Muslim historians credit all their heroes with many expeditions each of which ‘laid waste’ this or that province or region or city or countryside. The foremost heroes of the imperial line at Delhi and Agra such as Qutbu’d-Din Aibak (1192-1210 A.D.), Shamsu’d-Din Iltutmish (1210-36 A.D.), Ghiyasu’d-Din Balban (1246-66 A D.), Alau’d-Din Khalji (1296-1316 A.D.), Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-51 A.D.), Firuz Shah Tughlaq (135188 A.D.) Sikandar Lodi (1489-1519 A.D.), Babar (1519-26 A.D.) and Aurangzeb (1658-1707 A.D.) have been specially hailed for ‘hunting the peasantry like wild beasts’, or for seeing to it that ‘no lamp is lighted for hundreds of miles’, or for ‘destroying the dens of idolatry and God-pluralism’ wherever their writ ran. The sultans of the provincial Muslim dynasties-Malwa, Gujarat, Sindh, Deccan, Jaunpur, Bengal-were not far behind, if not ahead, of what the imperial pioneers had done or were doing; quite often their performance put the imperial pioneers to shame. No study has yet been made of how much the human population declined due to repeated genocides committed by the swordsmen of Islam. But the count of cities and towns and villages which simply disappeared during the Muslim rule leaves little doubt that the loss of life suffered by the cradle of Hindu culture was colossal.

Putting together all available evidence-literary and archaeological-from Hindu, Muslim and other sources, and following the trail of Islamic invasion, we get the pattern of how the invaders proceeded vis-a-vis Hindu places of worship after occupying a city or town and its suburbs. It should be kept in mind in this context that Muslim rule never became more than a chain of garrison cities and towns, not even in its heyday from Akbar to Aurangzeb, except in areas where wholesale or substantial conversions had taken place. Elsewhere the invaders were rarely in full control of the countryside; they had to mount repeated expeditions for destroying places of worship, collecting booty including male and female slaves, and for terrorising the peasantry, through slaughter and rapine, so that the latter may become a submissive source of revenue. The peasantry took no time to rise in revolt whenever and wherever Muslim power weakened or its terror had to be relaxed for reasons beyond its control.

  1. Places taken by assault: If a place was taken by assault-which was mostly the case because it was seldom that the Hindus surrendered-it was thoroughly sacked, its surviving population slaughtered or enslaved and all its buildings pulled down. In the next phase, the conquerors raised their own edifices for which slave labour was employed on a large scale in order to produce quick results. Cows and, many a time, Brahmanas were killed and their blood sprinkled on the sacred sites in order to render them unclean for the Hindus for all time to come. The places of worship which the Muslims built for themselves fell into several categories. The pride of place went to the Jami Masjid which was invariably built on the site and with the materials of the most prominent Hindu temple; if the materials of that temple were found insufficient for the purpose, they could be supplemented with materials of other temples which had been demolished simultaneously. Some other mosques were built in a similar manner according to need or the fancy of those who mattered. Temple sites and materials were also used for building the tombs of those eminent Muslims who had fallen in the fight; they were honoured as martyrs and their tombs became mazars and rauzas in course of time. As we have already pointed out, Hindus being great temple builders, temple materials could be spared for secular structures also, at least in the bigger settlements. It can thus be inferred that all masjids and mazars, particularly the Jami Masjids which date from the first Muslim occupation of a place, stand on the site of Hindu temples; the structures we see at present may not carry evidence of temple materials used because of subsequent restorations or attempts to erase the evidence. There are very few Jami Masjids in the country which do not stand on temple sites.

  2. Places surrendered: Once in a while a place was surrendered by the Hindus in terms of an agreement that they would be treated as zimmis and their lives as well as places of worship spared. In such cases, it took some time to eradicate the ‘emblems of infidelity.’ Theologians of Islam were always in disagreement whether Hindus could pass muster as zimmis; they were not People of the Book. It depended upon prevailing power equations for the final decision to go in their favour or against them. Most of the time, Hindus lost the case in which they were never allowed to have any say. What followed was what had happened in places taken by assault, at least in respect of the Hindu places of worship. The zimmi status accorded to the Hindus seldom went beyond exaction of jizya and imposition of disabilities prescribed by Umar, the second rightly-guided Caliph (634-44 A.D.).

  3. Places reoccupied by Hindus: It also happened quite frequently, particularly in the early phase of an Islamic invasion, that Hindus retook a place which had been under Muslim occupation for some time. In that case, they rebuilt their temples on new sites. Muslim historians are on record that Hindus spared the mosques and mazars which the invaders had raised in the interregnum. When the Muslims came back, which they did in most cases, they re-enacted the standard scene vis-a-vis Hindu places of worship.

  4. Places in the countryside: The invaders started sending out expeditions into the countryside as soon as their stranglehold on major cities and towns in a region had been secured. Hindu places of worship were always the first targets of these expeditions. It is a different matter that sometimes the local Hindus raised their temples again after an expedition had been forced to retreat. For more expeditions came and in due course Hindu places of worship tended to disappear from the countryside as well. At the same time, masjids and mazars sprang up everywhere, on the sites of demolished temples.

  5. Missionaries of Islam: Expeditions into the countryside were accompanied or followed by the missionaries of Islam who flaunted pretentious names and functioned in many guises. It is on record that the missionaries took active part in attacking the temples. They loved to live on the sites of demolished temples and often used temple materials for building their own dwellings, which also went under various high-sounding names. There were instances when they got killed in the battle or after they settled down in a place which they had helped in pillaging. In all such cases, they were pronounced shahids (martyrs) and suitable monuments were raised in their memory as soon as it was possible. Thus a large number of gumbads (domes) and ganjs (plains) commemorating the martyrs arose all over the cradle of Hindu culture and myths about them grew apace. In India, we have a large literature on the subject in which Sayyid Salar Masud, who got killed at Bahraich while attacking the local Sun Temple, takes pride of place. His mazAr now stands on the site of the same temple which was demolished in a subsequent invasion. Those Muslim saints who survived and settled down have also left a large number of masjids and dargAhs in the countryside. Almost all of them stand on temple sites.

  6. The role of sufis: The saints of Islam who became martyrs or settled down were of several types which can be noted by a survey of their ziarats and mazars that we find in abundance in all lands conquered by the armies of Islam. But in the second half of the twelfth century A.D., we find a new type of Muslim saint appearing on the scene and dominating it in subsequent centuries. That was the sufi joined to a silsila. This is not the place to discuss the character of some outstanding sufis like Mansur al-Hallaj, Bayazid Bistami, Rumi and Attar. Suffice it to say that some of their ancestral spiritual heritage had survived in their consciousness even though their Islamic environment had tended to poison it a good deal. The common name which is used for these early sufis as well as for the teeming breed belonging to the latter-day silsilas, has caused no end of confusion. So far as India is concerned, it is difficult to find a sufi whose consciousness harboured even a trace of any spirituality. By and large, the sufis that functioned in this country were the most fanatic and fundamentalist activists of Islamic imperialism, the same as the latter-day Christian missionaries in the context of Spanish and Portuguese imperialism.

Small wonder that we find them flocking everywhere ahead or with or in the wake of Islamic armies. Sufis of the Chishtiyya silsila in particular excelled in going ahead of these armies and acting as eyes and ears of the Islamic establishment. The Hindus in places where these sufis settled, particularly in the South, failed to understand the true character of these saints till it was too late. The invasions of South India by the armies of Alau’d-Din Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughlaq can be placed in their proper perspective only when we survey the sufi network in the South. Many sufis were sent in all directions by Nizamu’d-Din Awliya, the Chistiyya luminary of Delhi; all of them actively participated in jihads against the local population. Nizamu’d-Din’s leading disciple, Nasiru’d-Din Chirag-i-Dihli, exhorted the sufis to serve the Islamic state. ‘The essence of sufism,’ he versified, ‘is not an external garment. Gird up your loins to serve the Sultan and be a sufi.’34 Nasiru’d-Din’s leading disciple, Syed Muhammad Husaini Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz (1321-1422 A.D.), went to Gulbarga for helping the contemporary Bahmani sultan in consolidating Islamic power in the Deccan. Shykh Nizamu’d-Din Awliya’s dargah in Delhi continued to be and remains till today the most important centre of Islamic fundamentalism in India.

An estimate of what the sufis did wherever and whenever they could, can be formed from the account of a pilgrimage which a pious Muslim Nawwab undertook in 1823 to the holy places of Islam in the Chingleput, South Acort, Thanjavur, Tiruchirapalli and North Arcot districts of Tamil Nadu. This region had experienced renewed Islamic invasion after the breakdown of the Vijayanagar Empire in 1565 A.D. Many sufis had flocked in for destroying Hindu temples and converting the Hindu population, particularly the Qadiriyyas who had been fanning out all over South India after establishing their stronghold at Bidar in the fifteenth century. They did not achieve any notable success in terms of conversions, but the havoc they wrought with Hindu temples can be inferred from a large number of ruins, loose sculptures scattered all over the area, inscriptions mentioning many temples which cannot be traced, and the proliferation of mosques, dargahs, mazars and maqbaras.

The pilgrim visited many places and could not go to some he wanted to cover. All these places were small except Tiruchirapalli, Arcot and Vellore. His court scribe, who kept an account of the pilgrimage, mentions many masjids and mazars visited by his patron. Many masjids and mazars could not be visited because they were in deserted places covered by forest. There were several graveyards, housing many tombs; one of them was so big that ‘thousands, even a hundred thousand’ graves could be there. Other notable places were takiyas of faqirs, sarais, dargahs, and several houses of holy relics in one of which ‘a hair of the Holy Prophet is enshrined.’ The account does not mention the Hindu population except as ‘harsh kafirs and marauders.’ But stray references reveal that the Muslim population in all these places was sparse. For instance, Kanchipuram had only 50 Muslim houses but 9 masjids and 1 mazar.

The court scribe pays fulsome homage to the sufis who ‘planted firmly the Faith of Islam’ in this region. The pride of place goes to Hazrat Natthar WalI who took over by force the main temple at Tiruchirapalli and converted it into his khanqah. Referring to the destruction of the Sivalinga in the temple, he observes: ‘The monster was slain and sent to the house of perdition. His image namely but-ling worshipped by the unbelievers was cut and the head separated from the body. A portion of the body went into the ground. Over that spot is the tomb of WalI shedding rediance till this day.’35 Another sufi, Qayim Shah, who came to the same place at a later stage, ‘was the cause of the destruction of twelve temples.’36 At Vellore, Hazrat Nur Muhammad Qadiri, ‘the most unique man regarded as the invaluable person of his age,’ was the ‘cause of the ruin of temples’ which ‘he laid waste.’ He chose to be buried ‘in the vicinity of the temple’ which he had replaced with his khanqah.37

It is, therefore, not an accident that the masjids and khAnqAhs built by or for the sufis who reached a place in the first phase of Islamic invasion occupy the sites of Hindu temples and, quite often, contain temple materials in their structures. Lahore, Multan, Uch, Ajmer, Delhi, Badaun, Kanauj, Kalpi, Biharsharif, Maner, Lakhnauti, Patan, Patna, Burhanpur, Daulatabad, Gulbarga, Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda, Arcot, Vellor and Tiruchirapalli-to count only a few leading sufi center-shave many dargahs which display evidence of iconoclasm. Many masjids and dargahs in interior places testify to the same fact, namely, that the sufis were, above everything else, dedicated soldiers of Allah who tolerates no other deity and no other way of worship except that which he revealed to Prophet Muhammad.

  1. Particularly pious sultans: Lastly, we have to examine very closely the monuments built during the reigns of the particularly pious sultans who undertook ‘to cleanse the land from the vices of infidelity and God-pluralism’ that had cropped up earlier, either because Islamic terror had weakened under pressure of circumstances or because the proceeding ruler (s) had ‘wandered away from the path of rectitude.’ Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Sikandar Lodi and Aurangzeb of the Delhi-Agra imperial line belonged to this category. They had several prototypes in the provincial Muslim dynasties at Ahmadabad, Mandu, Jaunpur, Lakhnauti, Gulbarga, Bidar, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golconda. There is little doubt that all masjids and mazars erected under the direct or indirect patronage of these sultans, particularly in places where Hindu population predominates, stand on the sites of Hindu temples.

A Preliminary Survey

We give below, state-wise and district-wise, the particulars of Muslim monuments which stand on the sites and/or have been built with the materials of Hindu temples, and which we wish to recall as witnesses to the role of Islam as a religion and the character of Muslim rule in medieval India. The list is the result of a preliminary survey. Many more Muslim monuments await examination. Local traditions which have so far been ignored or neglected, have to be tapped on a large scale.

We have tried our best to be exact in respect of locations, names and dates of the monuments mentioned. Even so, some mistakes and confusions may have remained. It is not unoften that different sources provide different dates and names for the same monument. Many Muslim saints are known by several names, which creates confusion in identifying their mazars or dargahs. Some districts have been renamed or newly, created and a place which was earlier under one district may have been included in another. We shall be grateful to readers who point out these mistakes so that they can be corrected in our major study. This is only a brief summary.

ANDHRA PRADESH

I. Adilabad District.

Mahur, Masjid in the Fort on the hill. Temple site.

II. Anantpur District.

  1. Gooty, Gateway to the Hill Fort. Temple materials used.
  2. Kadiri, Jami Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Konakondla, Masjid in the bazar. Temple materials used.
  4. Penukonda

(i) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid in the Fort. Converted Temple.
(iii) Sher Khan’s Masjid (1546).38 Converted Temple.
(iv) Dargah of Babayya. Converted Îśvara Temple.
(v) Jami Masjid (1664-65). Temple site.
(xi) Dargah of Shah Fakbru’d-Din (1293-94). Temple site.

  1. Tadpatri

(i) Jami Masjid (1695-96). Temple site.
(ii) Idgah completed in 1725-26. Temple site.

  1. Thummala, Masjid (1674-75). Temple site.

III. Cuddapah District

  1. Cuddapah

(i) Bhap Sahib-ki-Masjid (1692). Temple site.
(ii) Idgah (1717-18). Temple site.
(iii) Bahadur Khan-ki-Masjid (1722-23). Temple site.
(iv) Dargah of Shah Aminu’d-Din Gesu Daraz (1736-37). Temple site.

  1. Duvvuru, Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Gandikot, Jami Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.
  3. Gangapuru, Masjid. Temple site.
  4. Gundlakunta, Dastgiri Dargah. Temple site.
  5. Gurrumkonda, Fort and several other Muslim buildings. Temple materials used.
  6. Jammalmaduguu, Jami Masjid (1794-95). Temple site.
  7. Jangalapalle, Dargah of Dastgir Swami. Converted Jangam temple.
  8. Siddhavatam

(i) Qutb Shahi Masjid (restored in 1808). Temple materials use.
(ii) Jami Masjid (1701). Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargah of Bismillah Khan Qadiri. Temple materials used.
(iv) Fort and Gateways. Temple materials used.
(v) Chowk-ki-Masjid. Temple site.

  1. Vutukuru

(i) Masjid at Naligoto. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid at Puttumiyyapeta. Temple site.

IV. East Godavari District.

Bikkavolu, Masjid. Temple materials used.

V. Guntur District.

  1. Nizampatnam, Dargah of Shah Haidri (1609). Temple site
  2. Vinukonda, Jami Masjid (1640-41). Temple site.

VI. Hyderabad District.

  1. Chikalgoda, Masjid (1610). Temple site.
  2. Dargah, Dargah of Shah Wali (1601-02). Temple site.
  3. Golconda

(i) Jami Masjid on Bala Hissar. Temple site.
(ii) Taramati Masjid. Temple site.

  1. Hyderabad

(i) Dargah of Shah Musa Qadiri. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid on the Pirulkonda Hill (1690). Temple site.
(iii) Toli Masjid (1671). Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargah of Mian Mishk (d. 1680). Temple site.
(v) Dargah of Mu’min Chup in Aliyabad (1322-23). Temple site.
(vi) Haji Kamal-ki-Masjid (1657). Temple site.
(vii) Begum Masjid (1593). Temple site.
(viii) Dargah of Islam Khan Naqshbandi. Temple site.
(ix) Dargah of Shah Daud (1369-70). Temple site.
(x) Jami Masjid (1597). Temple site.

  1. Maisaram, Masjid built by Aurangzeb from materials of 200 temples demolished after the fall of Golconda.
  2. Secunderabad, Qadam RasUl. Temple site.
  3. Sheikhpet

(i) Shaikh-ki-Masjid (1633-34). Temple site.
(ii) SaraiwAli Masjid (1678-79). Temple tite.

VII. Karimnagar District.

  1. Dharampuri, Masjid (1693). TrikuTa Temple site.
  2. Elangdal

(i) Mansur Khan-ki-Masjid (1525). Temple site.
(ii) Alamgiri Masjid (1696). Temple site.

  1. Kalesyaram, Ãlamgiri Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Sonipet, Ãlamgiri Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Vemalvada, Mazar of a Muslim saint. Temple site.

VIII. Krishna District.

  1. Gudimetta, Masjid in the Fort, Temple materials used.
  2. Guduru, Jami Masjid (1497). Temple materials used.
  3. Gundur, Jami Masjid. Converted temple.
  4. Kondapalli

(i) Masjid built in 1482 on the site of a temple after Muhammad Shah BahmanI had slaughtered the Brahmin priests on the advice of Mahmud Gawan, the great Bahmani Prime Minister, who exhorted the sultan to become a Ghazi by means of this pious performance.
(ii) Mazar of Shah Abdul Razzaq. Temple site.

  1. Kondavidu

(i) Masjid (1337). Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Barandaula. Temple materials used.
(iii) Qadam Sharif of Ãdam. Converted temple.

  1. Machhlipatnam

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Idgah. Temple site.

  1. Nandigram, Jami Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Pedana, Iamail-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Rajkonda, Masjid (1484). Temple site.
  4. Tengda, Masjid. Temple site.
  5. Turkpalem, Dargah of Ghalib Shahid. Temple site.
  6. Vadpaili, Masjid near NarsiMhaswamin Temple. Temple materials used.
  7. Vijaywada, Jami Masjid. Temple site.

IX. Kurnool District.

  1. Adoni

(i) Jami Masjid (1668-69). Materials of several temples used.
(ii) Masjid on the Hill. Temple materials used.
(iii) Fort (1676-77). Temple materials used.

  1. Cumbum

(i) Jami Masjid (1649). Temple site.
(ii) Gachinala Masjid (1729-30). Temple site.

  1. Havli, Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
  2. Karimuddula, Dargah. Akkadevi Temple materials used.
  3. Kottakot, Jami Masjid (1501). Temple site.
  4. Kurnool

(i) Pir Sahib-ka-Gumbad (1637-38). Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid (1667). Temple site.
(iii) Lal Masjid (1738-39). Temple site.

  1. Pasupala, Kalan Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Sanjanmala, Masjid. Temple sites.
  3. Siddheswaram, Ashurkhana. Temple materials used.
  4. Yadavalli, Mazar and Masjid. Temple sites.
  5. Zuhrapur, Dargah of Qadir Shah Bukhari. Temple site.

X. Mahbubnagar District.

  1. Alampur, Qala-ki-Masjid. Temple materials used.
  2. Jatprole, Dargah of Sayyid Shah Darwish. Temple materials used.
  3. Kodangal

(i) Dargah of Hazrat Nizamu’d-DIn. Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid. Temple site.

  1. Kundurg, Jami Masjid (1470-71). Temple site.
  2. Pargi, Jami Masjid (1460). Temple site.
  3. Somasila, Dargah of Kamalu’d-Din Baba (1642-43) Temple site.

XI. Medak District.

  1. Andol, Old Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Komatur, Old Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Medak

(i) Masjid near Mubarak Mahal (1641). VishNu Temple site.
(ii) Fort, Temple materials used.

  1. Palat, Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Patancheru

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Shykh Ibrahim known as Makhdumji (1583). Temple site.
(iii) Ashrufkhana. Temple site.
(iv) Fort (1698). Temple materials used.

XII. Nalgonda District.

  1. Devarkonda

(i) Qutb Shahi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Sharifu’d-Din (1579). Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Qadir Shah Wali (1591). Temple site.

  1. Ghazinagar, Masjid (1576-77). Temple site.
  2. Nalgonda

(i) Garhi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Shah Latif. Temple site.
(iii) Qutb Shahi Masjid (Renovated in 1897). Temple site.

  1. Pangal, Ãlamgiri Masjid. Temple site.

XIII. Nellore District.

  1. Kandukuru, Four Masjids. Temple sites.
  2. Nellore, Dargah named Dargamitta. Akkasaliśvara Temple materials used.
  3. Podile, Dargah. Temple site.
  4. Udayagiri

(i) Jami Masjid (1642-43). Temple materials used.
(ii) Chhoti Masjid (1650-51). Temple materials used.
(iii) Fort. Temple materials used.

XIV. Nizambad District.

  1. Balkonda

(i) Patthar-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Idgah. Temple site.

  1. Bodhan

(i) Deval Masjid. Converted Jain temple.
(ii) Patthar-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Ãlamgiri Masjid (1654-55). Temple site.

  1. Dudki, Ashrufkhana. Temple materials used.
  2. Fathullapur, Mu’askari Masjid (1605-06). Temple site.

XV. Osmanabad District.

Ausa, Jami Masjid (1680-81). Temple site.

XVI. Rangareddy District.

Maheshwar, Masjid (1687). Madanna Pandit’s Temple site.

XVII. Srikakulam District

  1. Icchapuram, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
  2. Kalingapatnam, DargAh of Sayyid Muhammad Madni Awliya (1619-20). Temple materials used.
  3. Srikakulam

(i) Jami Masjid (1641- 42). Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Bande Shah Wali (1641- 42). Temple site.
(iii) Atharwali Masjid (1671-72). Temple site.
(iv) Dargah of Burhanu’d-Din Awliya. Temple site.

XVIII. Vishakhapatnam District.

  1. Jayanagaram, Dargah. Temple site.
  2. Vishakhapatnam, Dargah of Shah Madni. Temple site.

XIX. Warangal District.

Zafargarh, Jami Masjid. Temple site.

XX. West Godavari District.

  1. Eluru

(i) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Sawai Masjid. Converted temple.
(iii) Qazi’s House. Someśvara Temple materials used.

  1. Nidavolu, Masjid. Mahadeva Temple materials used.
  2. Rajamundri, Jami Masjid (1324). Converted VeNugopalaswamin Temple.

ASSAM

District Kamrup
Hajo

(i) Poa Masjid (1657). Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of a Muslim saint who styled himself Sultan Ghiyasu’d-Din Balban. Temple site.

BENGAL

I. Bankura District.

Lokpura, Mazar of Ghazi Ismail. Converted Venugopala temple.

II. Barisal District.

Kasba, Masjid. Temple site.

III. Birbhum District.

  1. Moregram, Mazar of Sayyid Baba. Temple materials used.
  2. Patharchapuri, Maza of Data, or Mahbub Sahib. Temple site.
  3. Rajnagar, Several Old Masjids. Temple sites.
  4. Sakulipur, Jami Masjid. Temple site.
  5. Siyan, Dargah of Makhdum Shah (1221). Materials of many temples used.

IV. Bogra District.

Mahasthan

(i) Dargah and Masjid of Shah Sultan Mahiswar. Stands on the ruins of a temple.
(ii) Majid on Śiladevi Ghat. Temple materials used.

V. Burdwan District.

  1. Inchalabazar, Masjid (1703). Temple site.
  2. Kasba, Raja, Masjid. Temple materials used.
  3. Kalna

(i) Dargah of Shah Majlis (1491-93). Temple site.
(ii) ShahI Masjid (1533). Temple site.

  1. Mangalkot, Jami Masjid (1523-24). Temple site.
  2. Raikha, Talab-wali Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Suata

(i) Dargah of Sayyid Shah Shahid Mahmud Bahmani. Buddhist Temple materials site.
(ii) Masjid (1502-02). Temple site.

VI. Calcutta District.

Bania Pukur, Masjid built for Alaud-Din Alau’l Haqq (1342). Temple materials used.

VII. Chatgaon District.

Dargah of Badr Makhdum. Converted Buddhist Vihara.

VIII. Dacca District.

  1. Dacca

(i) Tomb of Bibi Pari. Temple materials used.
(ii) Saif Khan-ki-Masjid. Converted temple.
(iii) Churihatta Masjid. Temple materials used.

  1. Narayanganj, Qadam Rasul Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Rampal

(i) Masjid. Converted temple.
(ii) Dargah of Baba. Adam Shahid (1308). Temple materials used.

  1. Sonargaon, Old Masjid. Temple materials used.

IX. Dinajpur District.

  1. Basu-Bihar, Two Masjids. On the ruins of a Buddhist Vihara.
  2. Devatala

(i) Dargah of Shykh Jalalu’d-Din Tabrizi, Suhrawardiyyia sufi credited in Muslim histories with the destruction of many, temples. Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid (1463). VishNu Temple site.

  1. Devikot

(i) Dargah and Masjid of Pir Atau’llah Shah (1203). Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Shah Bukhari. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargah of Pir Bahau’d-Din. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargah of Shah Sultan Pir. Temple materials used.

  1. Mahisantosh, Dargah and Masjid. On the site of a big VishNu Temple.
  2. Nekmard, Mazar of Nekmard Shah. Temple site.

X. Faridpur District.

Faridpzir, Mazar of Farid Shah. Temple site.

XI. Hooghly District.

  1. Jangipura, Mazar of Shahid Ghazi. Temple materials used.
  2. Pandua

(i) Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Mazar of Shah Safiu’d-Din. Temple site.
(iii) Fath Minar. Temple materials used.

  1. Santoshpur, Masjid near Molla Pukur (153-310). Temple site.
  2. Satgaon, Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
  3. Tribeni

(i) Zafar Khan-ki-Masjid (1298). Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Zafar Khan. Temple materials used.
(iii) Masjid (1459). Temple site.

XII. Howrah District.

Jangalvilas, Pir Sahib-ki-Masjid. Converted temple.

XIII. Khulna District.

  1. Masjidkur

(i) Shat Gumbaz. Temple materials used.
(ii) Mazar of Khanja Ali or Khan Jahan. Temple site.

  1. Salkhira, Dargah of Mai Champa. Temple materials used.

XIV. Malda District.

  1. Gangarampur

(i) Dargah of Shah Ata. Śiva Temple site.
(ii) Masjid on the river bank (1249). Temple site.

  1. Gaur, Muslim city built on the site and with the ruins of LakshmaNavati, Hindu capital destroyed by the Muslims at the end of the twelfth century A.D. Temple materials have been used in the following monuments:

(i) Chhoti Sona Masjid.
(ii) Qadam Rasul Masjid (1530)
(iii) Tantipara Masjid (1480)
(iv) Lattan Masjid (1475)
(v) Badi Sona Masjid (1526)
(vi) Dargah of Makhadum Akhi Siraj Chishti, disciple of Nizamu’d-Din Awliya of Delhi (1347)
(vii) Darsbari or College of Theology.
(viii) Astana of Shah Niamatu’llah.
(ix) Chamkatti Masjid (1459).
(x) Chikka Masjid.
(xi) Gunmant Masjid. Converted temple.
(xii) Dakhil Darwaza.
(xiii) Kotwali Darwaza.
(xiv) Firuz Minar.
(xv) ChaNDipur Darwaza.
(xvi) Baraduari Masjid.
(xvii) Lukachuri Masjid.
(xviii) Gumti Darwaza.

  1. Malda

(i) Jami Masjid (1566). Temple materials used.
(ii) Sak Mohan Masjid (1427). Temple site.

  1. Pandua, Another Muslim city built with the ruins of LakshmaNavati. Temple materials have been used in the following monuments.

(i) Ãdina Masjid (1368)
(ii) Yaklakhi Masjid.
(iii) Chheh Hazari or Dargah of Nur Qutb-i-Ãlam (1415).
(iv) Bais Hazari or Khanqah of Jalalu’d-Din Tabrizi (1244).
(v) Sona Masjid.
(vi) Barn-like Masjid.
(vii) Qadam Rasul.

XV. Midnapur District.

  1. Gagneswar, Karambera Garh Masjid (1509). Śiva Temple site.
  2. Hijli, Masnad-i-Ãla-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Kesiari, Masjid (1622). Mahadeva Temple materials used.
  4. Kharagpur, Mazar of Pir Lohani. Temple site.

XVI. Murshidabad District.

  1. Chuna Khali, Barbak-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Murshidabad, Temple materials have been used in the following monuments:

(i) Katra Masjid.
(ii) Motijhil Lake Embankments.
(iii) Sangi Dalan.
(iv) Mahal Sara.
(v) Alivardi Khan-ki-Masjid.
(vi) Hazarduari Mahal.

  1. Rangamati, Dargah on the Rakshasi DaNga. Stands on the ruins of a Buddhist Vihara.

XVII. Noakhali District.

Begamganj, Bajra Masjid. Converted temple.

XVIII. Pabna District.

Balandu, Madrasa. Converted Buddhist Vihara.

XIX. Rajshahi District.

  1. Bhaturia, Masjid. Śiva Temple materials used.
  2. Kumarpura, Mazar of Mukarram Shah. Converted temple.
  3. Kusumbha, Old Masjid (1490-93). Constructed entirely of temple materials.

XX. Rangpur District.

Kamatpur

(i) BaDa Dargah of Shah Ismail Ghazi. Temple site.
(ii) Idgah on a mound one mile away. Temple materials used.

XXI. Sylhet District.

  1. Baniyachung, Famous Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Sylhet

(i) Masjid of Shah Jalal. Temple site.
(ii) Mazars of Shah Jalal and many of his disciples. Temple sites.

XXII. 24-Parganas District.

  1. Barasat, Mazar of Pir Ekdil Sahib. Temple site.
  2. Berchampa, Dargah of Pir GorachaNd. Temple site.

BIHAR

I. Bhagalpur District.

  1. Bhagalpur

(i) Dargah of Hazrat Shahbaz (1502). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid of Mujahidpur (1511-15). Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Makhdum Shah (1615). Temple site.

  1. Champanagar

(i) Several Mazars. On ruins of Jain temples.
(ii) Masjid (1491). Jain Temple site.

  1. Sultanganj, Masjid on the rock on the river bank. Temple site.

II. Gaya District.

  1. Amthua, Masjid (1536). Temple site.
  2. Gaya, Shahi Masjid in Nadirganj (1617). Temple site.
  3. Kako, Dargah of Bibi Kamalo. Temple site.

III. Monghyr District.

  1. Amoljhori, Muslim Graveyard. VishNu Temple site.
  2. Charuanwan, Masjid (1576). Temple site.
  3. Kharagpur

(i) Masjid (1656-57). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1695-96). Temple site.

  1. Monghyr

(i) Fort Gates. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Shah Nafa Chishti (1497-98). Temple site.

IV. Muzaffarpur District.

Zaruha, MamuN-BhaNja-ka-Mazar. Temple materials used.

V. Nalanda District.

  1. Biharsharif, Muslim capital built after destroying UdaNDapura which had a famous Buddhist Vihara. Most of the Muslim monuments were built on the site and from materials of temples. The following are some of them:

(i) Dargah of Makhdumu’l Mulk Sharifu’d-Din. (d. 1380).
(ii) BaDa Dargah.
(iii) Chhota Dargah.
(iv) Baradari.
(v) Dargah of Shah Fazlu’llah GosaiN.
(iv) Mazar of Malik Ibrahim Bayyu on Pir PahaDi.
(vii) Kabiriu’d-Din-ki-Masjid (1353).
(viii) Mazar of Sayyid Muhammad Siwistani.
(ix) Chhota Takiya containing the Mazar of Shah Diwan Abdul Wahhab.
(x) Dargah of Shah Qumais (1359-60).
(xi) Masjid in Chandpur Mahalla.
(xii) Jami Masjid in Paharpur Mahalla.

  1. Parbati, Dargah of Haji Chandar or ChaNd Saudagar. Temple materials used.
  2. Shaikhupura, Dargah of Shykh Sahib. Temple materials used.

VI. Patna District.

  1. Hilsa

(i) Dargah of Shah Jumman Madariyya (repaired in 1543). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid. (1604-05). Temple site.

  1. Jana, Jami Masjid (1539). Temple site.
  2. Kailvan, Dargah and Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Maner, All Muslim monuments stand on temple sites. The following are prominent among them:

(i) BaDa Dargah of Sultanu’l Makhdum Shah Yahya Maneri.
(ii) Dargah of Makhdum Daulat Shah.
(iii) Jami Masjid.
(iv) Mazar of Haji Nizamu’d-Din.

  1. Muhammadpur, Jami Masjid (1510-11). Temple site.
  2. Patna

(i) Patthar-ki-Masjid (1626). Temple materials used.
(ii) Begu Hajjam-ki-Masjid (1510-11). Temple materials used.
(iii) Muslim Graveyard outside the Qiladari. On the ruins of Buddhist Viharas.
(iv) Dargah of Shah Mir Mansur. On the ruins of a Buddhist Stupa.
(v) Dargah of Shah Arzani. On the site of a Buddhist Vihara.
(vi) Dargah of Pir Damariya. On the site of a Buddhist Vihara.
(vii) Mirza Masum-ki-Masjid (1605). Temple materials used.
(viii) Meetan Ghat-ki-Masjid (1605). Temple site.
(ix) Katra Masjid of Shaista Khan. Temple site.
(x) Khwaja Ambar Masjid (1688-89). Temple site.
(xi) Babuganj Masjid (1683-86). Temple site.
(xii) Sher-Shahi Masjid near Purab Darwaza. Temple site.
(xiii) Chamni Ghat-ki-Masjid. Temple site.

  1. Phulwarisharif

(i) Dargah of Shah Pashminaposh. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Minhaju’d-Din Rasti. Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Lal Mian. Temple site.
(iv) Sangi Masjid (1549-50). Temple site.

VII. Purnea District.

  1. Hadaf, Jami Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Puranea, Masjid in Keonlpura. Temple site.

VIII. Saran District.

  1. Chirand, Masjid (1503-04). Temple site.
  2. Narhan, Jami Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Tajpur-Basahi Mazar of Khwaja Badshah. Temple materials used.

IX. Shahabad District.

  1. Rohtasgarh

(i) Masjid of Aurangzeb. Part of a temple converted.
(ii) Mazar of Saqi Sultan. Temple site.

  1. Sasaram, Mazar of Chandan Shahid Pir. Temple site.

X. Vaishali District.

  1. Amer, Mazar of Pir Qattal. Temple materials used.
  2. Chehar

(i) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.

  1. Hajipur

(i) Haji Ilyas-ki- Masjid. Converted temple.
(ii) Dargah of Barkhurdar Awliya. Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Pir Shattari. Temple site.
(iv) Dargah of Hajiu’l Harmain. Temple site.
(v) Dargah of Pir Jalalu’d-Din. Temple site.

  1. Basarh

(i) DargAh of Pir Miran. On top of a Buddhist Stupa.
(ii) Mazar of Shykh Muhammad Faizu’llah Ali alias Qazin Shattari. Temple site.
(iii) Graveyard. Many tombs built with temple materials.
(iv) Masjid. Temple site.

XI. District to be determined.

  1. Hasanpura, Mazar of Makhdum Hasan. On the site of a Buddhist Stupa,
  2. Jhangira, Jami Masjid. Temple site.

DELHI

Islamic invaders destroyed the Hindu cities of Indarpat and Dhillika with their extensive suburbs and built seven cities successively. The following Muslim monuments stand on the site of Hindu temples; temple materials can be seen in some of them.

I. Mehrauli

  1. Quwwatu’l Islam Masjid (1198).
  2. Qutb Minar.
  3. Maqbara of Shamsu’d-Din Iltutmish (1235.)
  4. Dargah of Shykh Qutbu’d-Din Bakhtyar Kaki (d. 1236).
  5. Jahaz Mahal.
  6. AlaI Darwaza.
  7. AlaI Minar.
  8. Madrasa and Maqbara of Alau’d-Din Khalji.
  9. Maqbara of Ghiyau’d-Din Balban.
  10. Masjid and Mazar of Shykh Fazlu’llah known as Jamali-Kamali.
  11. MaDhi Masjid.

II. Sultan Ghari

Maqbara of Nasiru’d-Din, son of Sultan Shamsu’d-Din Iltutmish (1231).

III. Palam

Babri (Ghazanfar) Masjid (1528-29).

IV. Begumpur

  1. Masjid.
  2. Bijai Mandal.
  3. Kalu Sarai-ki-Masjid.
  4. Mazar of Shykh Najibu’d-Din Mutwakkal Chishti (d. 1272).

V. Tughlaqabad

Maqbara of Ghiyasu’d-Din Tughlaq.

VI. Chiragh-Delhi

  1. Dargah of Shykh Nasiru’d-Din Chiragh-i-Dehli (d. 1356).
  2. Maqbara of Bahlul Lodi.

VII. Nizamu’d-DIn

  1. Dargah and Jamat-Khana Masjid of Shykh Nizamu’d-Din Awliya (d. 1325).
  2. Kalan Masjid.
  3. ChauNsaTh-Khamba.
  4. Maqbara of Khan-i-Jahan Tilangani.
  5. Chilla of Nizam’d-Din Awliya.
  6. Lal Mahal.

VIII. Hauz Khas

  1. Maqbara and Madrasa of Firuz Shah Tughlaq.
  2. Dadi-Poti-ka-Maqbara.
  3. Biran-ka-Gumbad.
  4. Chhoti and Sakri Gumti.
  5. Nili Masjid (1505-06).
  6. Idgah (1404-00).
  7. Bagh-i-Ãlam-ka-Gumbad (1501).
  8. Mazar of Nuru’d-Din Mubarak Ghaznawi (1234-35).

IX. Malviyanagar

  1. Lal Gumbad or the Mazar of Shykh Kabiru’d-Din Awliya (1397).
  2. Mazar of Shykh Alau’d-Din (1507).
  3. Mazar of Shykh Yusuf Qattal (d. 1527).
  4. Khirki Masjid.

X. Lodi Gardens

  1. Maqbara of Muhammad Shah.
  2. BaDa Gumbad Masjid (1494).
  3. Shish Gumbad.
  4. Maqbara of Sikandar Lodi.

XI. Purana Qila

  1. Sher Shah Gate.
  2. Qala-i-Kuhna Masjid.
  3. Khairu’l Manzil Masjid.

XII. Shahjahanabad

  1. Kali Masjid at Turkman Gate.
  2. Maqbara of Razia Sultan.
  3. Jami Masjid on Bhojala PahaDi.
  4. Ghata or Zainatu’l Masjid.
  5. Dargah of Shah Turkman (1240).

XIII. Ramakrishnapuram

  1. Tin Burji Maqbara.
  2. Malik Munir-ki-Masjid.
  3. Wazirpur-ka-Gumbad.
  4. Munda Gumbads.
  5. Bara-Lao-ka-Gumbad.
  6. Barje-ka-Gumbad.

XIV. The Ridge

  1. Malcha Mahal,
  2. Bhuli Bhatiyari-ka-Mahal.
  3. Qadam Sharif.
  4. Chauburza Masjid.
  5. Pir Ghaib.

XV. Wazirabad

Masjid and Mazar of Shah Ãlam.

XVI. South Extension

  1. Kale Khan-ka-Gumbad.
  2. Bhure Khan-ka-Gumbad.
  3. Chhote Khan-ka-Gumbad.
  4. BaDe Khan-ka-Gumbad.

XVII. Other Areas

  1. Maqbara of Mubarak Shah in Kotla Mubarakpur.
  2. Kushk Mahal in Tin Murti.
  3. Sundar Burj in Sundarnagar.
  4. Jami Masjid in Kotla Firuz Shah.
  5. Abdu’n-Nabi-ki-Masjid near Tilak Bridge.
  6. Maqbara of Raushanara Begum.

DIU

Jami Masjid (1404). Temple site.

GUJARAT

I. Ahmadabad District.

  1. Ahmadabad, Materials of temples destroyed at Asaval, Patan and Chandravati were used in the building of this Muslim city and its monuments. Some of the monuments are listed below :

(i) Palace and Citadel of Bhadra.
(ii) Ahmad Shah-ki-Masjid in Bhadra.
(iii) Jami Masjid of Ahmad Shah.
(iv) Haibat Khan-ki-Masjid.
(v) Rani Rupmati-ki-Masjid.
(vi) Rani Bai Harir-ki-Masjid.
(vii) Malik SaraNg-ki-Masjid.
(viii) Mahfuz Khan-ki-Masjid.
(ix) Sayyid Ãlam-ki-Masjid.
(x) Pattharwali or Qutb Shah-ki-Masjid.
(xi) Sakar Khan-ki-Masjid.
(xii) Baba Lulu-ki-Masjid.
(xiii) Shykh Hasan Muhammad Chishti-ki-Masjid.
(xiv) Masjid at Isanpur.
(xv) Masjid and Mazar of Malik Shaban.
(xvi) Masjid and Mazar of Rani Sipri (Sabarai).
(xvii) Masjid and Mazar of Shah Ãlam at Vatva.
(xviii) Maqbara of Sultan Ahmad Shah I.

  1. Dekwara, Masjid (1387). Temple site.
  2. Dholka

(i) Masjid and Mazar of Bahlol Khan Ghazi. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Barkat Shahid (1318). Temple site.
(iii) Tanka or Jami Masjid (1316). Temple materials used.
(iv) Hillal Khan Qazi-ki-Masjid (1333). Temple materials used.
(v) Khirni Masjid (1377). Converted Bavan Jinalaya Temple.
(vi) Kali Bazar Masjid (1364). Temple site.

  1. Isapur, Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Mandal

(i) Sayyid-ki-Masjid (1462). Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid. Temple site.

  1. Paldi, Patthar-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Ranpur, Jami Masjid (1524-25). Temple site.
  3. Sarkhej

(i) Dargah of Shykh Ahmad Khattu Ganj Baksh (d. 1445). Temple materials used.
(ii) Maqbara of Sultan Mahmud BegaDa. Temple materials used.

  1. Usmanpur, Masjid and Mazar of Sayyid Usman. Temple site.

II. Banaskantha District.

  1. Haldvar, Mazar of Lun Shah and Gujar Shah. Temple site.
  2. Halol

(i) Ek Minar-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) PaNch MuNhDa-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Jami Masjid (1523-24). Temple site.

  1. Malan, Jami Masjid (1462). Temple materials used.

III. Baroda District.

  1. Baroda

(i) Jami Masjid (1504-05) Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Pir Amir Tahir with its Ghazi Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Pir GhoDa (1421-23). Temple site.

  1. Dabhoi

(i) Dargah of PaNch Bibi. Temple materials used.
(ii) Mazar of Mai Dhokri. Temple materials used.
(iii) Fort. Temple materials used.
(iv) Hira, Baroda, MabuDa and NandoDi Gates. Temple materials used.
(v) MahuNDi Masjid. Temple materials used.

  1. Danteshwar, Mazar of Qutbu’d-Din. Temple site.
  2. Sankheda, Masjid (1515-16). Temple site.

IV. Bharuch District.

  1. Amod, Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
  2. Bharuch

(i) Jami Masjid (1321). Brahmanical and Jain temple materials used.
(ii) Ghaznavi Masjid (1326). Temple site.
(iii) Idgah (1326). Temple site.
(iv) ChunawaDa Masjid (1458). Temple site.
(v) Qazi-ki-Masjid (1609). Temple site.
(vi) Mazar of Makhdum Sharifu’d-Din (1418). Temple site.

  1. Jambusar, Jami Masjid (1508-09). Temple site.
  2. Tankaria, BaDi or Jami Masjid (1453). Temple site.

V. Bhavnagar District.

  1. Botad, Mazar of Pir Hamir Khan. Temple site.
  2. Tolaja, Idgah and Dargah of Hasan Pir. Temple site.
  3. Ghoda, Masjid (1614). Temple site.

VI. Jamnagar District.

  1. Amran, Dargah of Dawal Shah. Temple materials used.
  2. Bet Dwarka, Dargah of Pir Kirmani. Temple site.
  3. Dwarka, Masjid (1473). Temple site.

VII. Junagarh District.

  1. Junagarh

(i) BorwaD Masjid (1470). Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid in Uparkot. Jain Temple site.
(iii) Masjid at Mai GaDhechi. Converted Jain temple.

  1. Loliyana, Dargah of Madar Shah. Temple site.
  2. Kutiana, Jami Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Mangrol

(i) Rahmat Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Jami Masjid (1382-83). Temple materials used.
(iii) JunI Jail-ki-Masjid (1385-86). Temple site.
(iv) Revali Masjid (1386-87). Temple materials used.
(v) Masjid at Bandar. Temple materials used.
(vi) Dargah near Revali Masjid. Temple materials used.
(vii) Mazar of Sayyid Sikandar alias Makhdum Jahaniya (1375). Temple materials used.
(viii) GaDhi Gate. Temple materials used.

  1. Somnath Patan

(i) Bazar Masjid (1436). Temple site.
(ii) Chandni Masjid (1456). Temple site.
(iii) Qazi-ki-Masjid (1539). Temple site.
(iv) PathanwaDi Masjid (1326). Temple site.
(v) Muhammad Jamadar-ki-Masjid (1420). Temple site.
(vi) MiThashah Bhang-ki-Masjid (1428). Temple site.
(vii) Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
(viii) Masjid made out of the SomanAtha Temple of Kumarapala.
(ix) Masjid at the back of the Somanatha Temple. Converted temple.
(x) Mota Darwaza. Temple materials used.
(xi) Maipuri Masjid on the way to Veraval. Temple materials used.
(xii) Dargah of Mangluri Shah near Maipuri Masjid. Temple materials used.
(xiii) Shahid Mahmud-ki-Masjid (1694). Temple site.

  1. Vanasthali, Jami Masjid. Converted VAmana Temple.
  2. Veraval

(i) Jami Masjid (1332). Temple site.
(ii) Nagina Masjid (1488). Temple site.
(iii) Chowk Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) MaNDvi Masjid. Temple site.
(v) Mazar of Sayyid Ishaq or Maghribi Shah. Temple site.
(vi) Dargah of Muhammad bin Haji Gilani. Temple site.

VIII. Kachchh District.

  1. Bhadreshwar

(i) Solakhambi Masjid. Jain Temple materials used.
(ii) ChhoTi Masjid. Jain Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargah of Pir Lal Shahbaz. Jain Temple materials used.

  1. Bhuj

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Gumbad of Baba Guru. Temple site.

  1. Munra or MunDra, Seaport built from the materials of Jain temples of Bhadreshwar which were demolished by the Muslims; its Safed Masjid which can be seen from afar was built from the same materials.

IX. Kheda District.

  1. Kapadwani

(i) Jami Masjid (1370-71). Temple site.
(ii) Sam Shahid-ki-Masjid (1423). Temple site.

  1. Khambhat

(i) Jami Masjid (1325). Jain Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid in Qaziwara (1326). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Undipet (1385). Temple site.
(iv) Sadi-i-Awwal Masjid (1423). Temple site.
(v) Fujra-ki-Masjid (1427). Temple site.
(vi) Mazar of Umar bin Ahmad Kazruni. Jain Temple materials used.
(vii) Mazar of Qabil Shah. Temple site.
(viii) Mazar of Shykh Ali Jaulaqi known as Parwaz Shah (1498). Temple site.
(ix) Mazar of Shah Bahlol Shahid. Temple site.
(x) Maqbara of Ikhtiyaru’d-Daula (1316). Temple site.
(xi) IdgAh (1381-82). Temple site.

  1. Mahuda, Jami Masjid (1318). Temple site.
  2. Sojali, Sayyid Mubarak-ki-Masjid. Temple site.

X. Mehsana District.

  1. Kadi

(i) Masjid (1384). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1583). Temple site.

  1. Kheralu, Jami Masjid (1409-10). Temple site.
  2. Modhera, Rayadi Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Munjpur, Jami Masjid (1401-02). Temple site.
  4. Patan

(i) Jami Masjid (1357). Temple materials used.
(ii) Phuti Mahalla or Pinjar Kot-ki-Masjid (1417). Temple site.
(iii) Bazar-ki-Masjid (1490). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid in a field that was the Sahasralinga Talav. Temple materials used.
(v) Masjid and Dargah of Makhdum Husamu’d-Din Chishti, disciple of Shykh Nizamu’d-Din Awliya of Delhi. Temple materials used.
(vi) GumDa Masjid (1542). Temple site.
(vii) RangrezoN-ki-Masjid (1410-11). Temple site.
(viii) Dargah of Shykh Muhammad Turk Kashgari (1444-45). Temple site.
(ix) Dargah of Shykh Farid. Converted temple.

  1. Sami, Jami Masjid (1404). Temple site.
  2. Sidhpur, Jami Masjid. Built on the site and with the materials of the Rudra-mahalaya Temple of Siddharaja JayasiMha.
  3. Una, Dargah of Hazrat Shah Pir. Temple site.
  4. Vijapur

(i) Kalan Masjid (1369-70). Temple site.
(ii) Mansuri Masjid. Temple site.

XI. Panch Mahals District.

  1. Champaner

(i) Jami Masjid (1524). Temple site.
(ii) Bhadra of Mahmud BegDa. Temple site.
(iii) Shahr-ki-Masjid. Temple site.

  1. Godhra, Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Pavagadh

(i) Masjid built on top of the Devi Temple.
(ii) PaNch MuNhDa Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Jami Masjid. Temple site,

  1. Rayania, Masjid (1499-1500). Temple site.

XII. Rajkot District.

  1. Jasdan, Dargah of Kalu Pir. Temple materials used.
  2. Khakhrechi

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Kamal Shah Pir. Temple site.

  1. Mahuva, Idgah (1418). Temple site.
  2. Malia, Jami Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Morvi, Masjid (1553). Temple site.
  4. Santrampur, Masjid (1499-1500). Temple site.

XIII. Sabarkantha District.

  1. Hersel, Masjid (1405). Temple site.
  2. Himmatnagar, Moti-Mohlat Masjid in Nani Vorwad (1471). Temple site.
  3. Prantij

(i) Fath or Tekrewali Masjid (1382). Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Sikandar Shah Shahid (d. 1418). Temple materials used.

XIV. Surat District.

  1. Navasari

(i) Jami Masjid (1340). Temple site.
(ii) Shahi Masjid. Temple site.

  1. Rander, The Jains who predominated in this town were expelled by Muslims and all temples of the former were converted into mosques. The following mosques stand on the site of and/or are constructed with materials from those temples:

(i) Jami Masjid.
(ii) Nit Nauri Masjid.
(iii) Mian-ki-Masjid.
(iv) Kharwa Masjid.
(v) Munshi-ki-Masjid.

  1. Surat

(i) Mirza Sami-ki-Masjid (1336). Temple site.
(ii) Nau Sayyid Sahib-ki-Masjid and the nine Mazars on Gopi Talav in honour of nine Ghazis. Temple sites.
(iii) Fort built in the reign of Farrukh Siyar. Temple materials used.
(iv) Gopi Talav (1718). Temple materials used.

  1. Tadkeshwar, Jami Masjid (1513-14). Temple site.

XV. Surendranagar District.

  1. Sara, DarbargaDh-ki-Masjid (1523). Temple site.
  2. Vad Nagar, Masjid (1694). Stands on the site of the Hatakeśvara Mahadeva temple.
  3. Wadhwan, Jami Masjid (1439). Temple site.

HARYANA

I. Ambala District.

  1. Pinjor, Temple materials have been used in the walls and buildings of the Garden of Fidai Khan.
  2. Sadhaura

(i) Masjid built in Khalji times. Temple materials used.
(ii) Two Masjids built in the reign of Jahangir. Temple materials used.
(iii) QazioN-ki-Masjid (1640). Temple site.
(iv) Abdul Wahab-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(v) Dargah of Shah Qumais. Temple site.

II. Faridabad District.

  1. Faridabad, Jami Masjid (1605). Temple site.
  2. Nuh, Masjid (1392-93). Temple materials used.
  3. Palwal

(i) Ikramwali or Jami Masjid (1221). Temple materials used.
(ii) Idgah (1211). Temple material Is used.
(iii) Mazar of Sayyid Chiragh. Temple site.
(iv) Mazar of Ghazi Shihabu’d-Din. Temple site.
(v) Mazar of Sayyid Warah. Temple site.

III. Gurgaon District.

  1. Bawal, Masjid (1560). Temple site.
  2. Farrukhnagar, Jami Masjid (1276). Temple site.
  3. Sohna

(i) Masjid (1561). Temple site.
(ii) Mazars known as Kala and Lal Gumbad. Temple sites.

IV. Hissar District.

  1. Barwala, Masjid (1289). Temple site.
  2. Fatehabad

(i) Idgah of Tughlaq times. Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid built by Humanyun (1539). Temple site.

  1. Hansi

(i) Idgah built in the reign of Shamsu’d-Din Iltutmish. Temple site.
(ii) JulahoN-ki-Masjid built in the same reign. Temple site.
(iii) Bu Ali Baksh Masjid (1226). Temple site.
(iv) Ãdina Masjid (1336). Temple site.
(v) Masjid in the Fort (1192). Temple site.
(vi) Shahid-Ganj Masjid. Temple site.
(vii) Humayun-ki-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(viii) Dargah of Niamatu’llah Wali with adjascent Baradari. Temple materials used.
(ix) Dargah of Bu Ali Qalandar (1246). Temple site.
(x) Dargah of Shykh Jalalu’d-Din Haqq (1303). Temple site.
(xi) Dargah of Mahammad Jamil Shah. Temple site.
(xii) Dargah of Wilayat Shah Shahid (1314). Temple site.
(xiii) Chahar Qutb and its Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
(xiv) Fort and City Gates. Temple materials used.

  1. Hissar, This city was built by Firuz Shah Tughlaq with temple materials brought mostly from Agroha which had been destroyed by Muhammad Ghuri in 1192.

(i) Lat-ki-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Humayun’s Jami Masjid (1535). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid and Mazar of Bahlul Lodi. Temple site.
(iv) Humayun’s Masjid outside Delhi Gate (1533). Temple site.
(v) Dargah of Baba Pran Pir Padshah. Temple materials used.
(vi) Fort of Firuz Shah Tughlaq. Temple materials used.
(vii) Jahaz Mahal. Converted Jain Temple.
(viii) Gujari Mahal. Temple materials used.

  1. Sirsa

(i) Masjid in the Mazar of Imam Nasir (1277). Temple materials used.
(ii) Babari Masjid in the Sarai (1530). Temple site.
(iii) QazIzada-ki-Masjid (1540). Temple site.

V. Karnal District.

Panipat

(i) Masjid opposite the Mazar of Bu Ali Qalandar’s mother (1246). Temple site.
(ii) Babari Masjid in Kabuli Bagh (1528-29). Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Shykh Jalalu’d-Din (1499). Temple site.
(iv) Mazar of Bu Ali Qalandar (1660). Temple site.

VI. Kurukshetra District.

  1. Kaithal

(i) Dargah of Shykh Salahu’d-Din Abu’l Muhammad of Balkh (d. 1246). Temple materials used.
(ii) Shah Wilayat-ki-Masjid (1657-58). Temple site.
(iii) Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Madrasa. Temple materials used.

  1. Kurukshetra, Madrasa on the Tila. Temple site.
  2. Thanesar

(i) Dargah and Madrasa of Shykh Chilli or Chehali Bannuri. Temple materials used.
(ii) Patharia Masjid near Harsh-ka-Tila. Temple materials used.
(iii) Chiniwali Masjid. Temple materials used.

VII. Mahendergarh District.

Narnaul, Mazar of Pir Turk Shahid or Shah Wilayat (d. 1137). Temple site.

VIII. Rohtak District.

  1. Jhajjar, Kali Masjid (1397). Temple site.
  2. Maham,

(i) PirzadoN-ki-Masjid built in Babar’s reign (1529). Temple site.
(ii) Humayun’s Jami Masjid (1531). Temple site.
(iii) QasaiyoN-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1669). Temple site.
(v) Daulat Khan-ki-Masjid (1696). Temple site.

  1. Rohtak

(i) Dini Masjid (1309). Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid in the Fort (1324). Temple site.
(iii) Babar’s Masjid-i-Khurd (1527-28). Temple site.
(iv) Babar’s RajputoN-ki-Masjid. (1528). Temple site.
(v) Second or Humayun’s Masjid in the Fort (1538). Temple site.
(vi) Masjid at Gokaran (1558). Temple site.
(vii) DogroN Wali Masjid (1571). Temple site.
(viii) Mast Khan-ki-Masjid (1558-59) Temple site.

IX. Sonepat District.

  1. Gohana, Dargah of Shah Ziau’d-Din Muhammad. Temple site.
  2. Sonepat

(i) Masjid and Mazar of Imam Nasir (renovated in 1277). Temple site.
(ii) Babar’s ShykhzadoN-ki-Masjid (1530). Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Khwaja Khizr. Temple site.
(iv) Humayun’s Masjid (1538). Temple site.

HIMACHAL PRADESH

Kangra, Jahangiri Gate. Temple materials used.

KARNATAKA

I. Bangalore District.

  1. Dodda-Ballapur, Dargah of Muhiu’d-Din Chishti of Ajodhan (d. 1700). Temple materials used.
  2. Hoskot

(i) Dargah of Saballi Sahib. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Qasim Sahib. Converted temple.

II. Belgaum District.

  1. Belgaum

(i) Masjid-i-Safa in the Fort (1519). Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid (1585-86). Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Badru’d-Din Shah in the Fort (1351-52). Temple site.

  1. Gokak, Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Hukeri

(i) Man Sahib-ki-Dargah (1567-68). Temple site.
(ii) Kali Masjid (1584). Temple materials used.

  1. Kudachi

(i) Dargah of Makhdum Shah Wali. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Shykh Muhammad Siraju’d-Din Pirdadi. Temple site.

  1. Madbhavi, Masjid. Śiva Temple materials used.
  2. Raibag, Jami Masjid. Temple site,
  3. Sampgaon, Masjid. Temple site.

III. Bellary District.

  1. Bellary, Masjid built by Tipu Sultan (1789-90). Temple site.
  2. Hampi, Masjid and Idgah in the ruins of Vijayanagar. Temple materials used.
  3. Hospet, Masjid in Bazar Street built by Tipu Sultan (1795-96). Temple site.
  4. Huvinhadgalli, Fort. Temple materials used.
  5. Kanchagarabelgallu, Dargah of Husain Shah. Temple site.
  6. Kudtani, Dargah. Durgeśvara Temple materials used.
  7. Sandur, Jami Masjid. Temple site.
  8. Siruguppa, Lad Khan Masjid (1674). Temple site.
  9. Sultanpuram, Masjid on the rock. Temple site.

IV. Bidar District.

  1. Bidar, Ancient Hindu city transformed into a Muslim capital. The following monuments stand on temple sites and/or temple materials have been used in their construction:

(i) Sola Khamba Masjid (1326-27).
(ii) Jami Masjid of the Bahmanis.
(iii) Mukhtar Khan-ki-Masjid (1671).
(iv) Kali Masjid (1694).
(v) Masjid west of Kali Masjid (1697-98).
(vi) Farrah-Bagh Masjid, 3 km outside the city (1671).
(vii) Dargah of Hazrat Khalilu’llah at Ashtur (1440).
(viii) Dargah of Shah Shamsu’d-Din Muhammad Qadiri known as Multani Padshah.
(ix) Dargah of Shah Waliu’llah-al-Husaini.
(x) Dargah of Shah Zainu’l-Din Ganj Nishin.
(xi) Dargah and Masjid of Mahbub Subhani.
(xii) Mazar of Ahmad Shah Wali at Ashtur (1436).
(xiii) Mazar of Shah Abdul Aziz (1484).
(xiv) Takht Mahal.
(xv) Gagan Mahal.
(xvi) Madrasa of Mahmud Gawan.

  1. Chandpur, Masjid (1673-74). Temple site.
  2. Chillergi, Jami Masjid (1381). Temple site.
  3. Kalyani, Capital of the Later Chalukyas. All their temples were either demolished or converted into mosques.

(i) Jami Masjid (1323). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1406). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Mahalla Shahpur (1586-87). Temple site.
(iv) Dargah of Maulana Yaqub. Temple site.
(v) Dargah of Sayyid Pir Pasha. Temple site.
(vi) Fort Walls and Towers. Temple materials used.
(vii) Nawab’s Bungalow. Temple materials used.

  1. Kohir

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargahs of two Muslim saints. Temple sites.

  1. Shahpur, Masjid (1586-87). Temple site.
  2. Udbal, Jami Masjid (1661-62). Temple site.

V. Bijapur District.

  1. Afzalpur, Mahal Masjid. Trikuta Temple materials used.
  2. Badami, Second Gateway of the Hill Fort. VishNu Temple materials used.
  3. Bekkunal, Dargah outside the village. Temple materials used.
  4. Bijapur, Ancient Hindu city transformed into a Muslim capital. The following monuments are built on temple sites and/or temple materials have been used in their construction:

(i) Jami Masjid (1498-99).
(ii) Karimu’d-Din-ki-Masjid in the Ãrk (1320-21).
(iii) ChhoTa Masjid on way to Mangoli Gate.
(iv) Khwaja Sambal-ki-Masjid (1522-13).
(v) Makka Masjid.
(vi) AnDu Masjid.
(vii) Zangiri Masjid.
(viii) Bukhara Masjid (1536-37).
(ix) Dakhini Idgah (1538-39).
(x) Masjid and Rauza of Ibrahim II Adil Shah (1626).
(xi) Gol Gumbaz or the Rauza of Muhammad Adil Shah.
(xii) JoD-Gumbad.
(xiii) Nau-Gumbad.
(xiv) Dargah of Shah Musa Qadiri.
(xv) Gagan Mahal.
(xvi) Mihtar Mahal.
(xvii) Asar Mahal.
(xvii) Anand Mahal and Masjid (1495).
(xviii) Sat Manzil.
(xix) Ãrk or citadel.
(xx) Mazar of Pir Mabari Khandayat.
(xxi) Mazar of Pir Jumna.
(xxii) Dargah of Shah Miranji Shamsu’l-Haq Chishti on Shahpur Hill.

  1. Hadginhali, Dargah. Temple materials used.
  2. Horti, Masjid. Temple materials used.
  3. Inglesvara, Muhiu’d-Din Sahib-ki-Masjid. Munipa Samadhi materials used.
  4. Jirankalgi, Masjid. Temple materials used.
  5. Kalleeri, Masjid near the village Chawdi. Keśavadeva Temple materials used.
  6. Mamdapur

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Kamal Sahib. Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Sadle Sahib of Makka. Temple site.

  1. Naltvad, Masjid (1315). Temple materials used.
  2. Pirapur, Dargah. Temple site.
  3. Salvadigi, Masjid. Temple materials used.
  4. Sarur, Masjid. Temple materials used.
  5. Segaon, Dargah. Temple site.
  6. Takli, Masjid. Temple materials used.
  7. Talikota

(i) Jami Masjid. Jain Temple materials used.
(ii) PaNch Pir-ki-Masjid and Ganji-i-Shahidan. Temple site.

  1. Utagi, Masjid (1323). Temple site.

VI. Chickmanglur District.

Baba Budan, Mazar of Dada Hayat Mir Qalandar. Dattatreya Temple site.

VII. Chitaldurg District.

Harihar, Masjid on top of Harihareśvara Temple.

VIII. Dharwad District.

  1. Alnavar, Jami Masjid. Jain Temple materials used.
  2. Bankapur

(i) Masjid (1538-39). Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid (1602-03). Temple site.
(iii) Graveyard with a Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Dongar-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(v) Dargah of Shah Alau’d-Din-Qadiri. Temple site.
(vi) Fort (1590-91). Temple materials used,

  1. Balur, Masjid. Temple materials used.
  2. Dambal, Mazar of Shah Abdu’llah Wali. Temple materials used.
  3. Dandapur, Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
  4. Dharwad, Masjid on Mailarling Hill. Converted Jain Temple.
  5. Hangal

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in the Fort. Temple site.

  1. Hubli, 17 Masjids built by Aurangzeb in 1675 and after Temple sites.
  2. Hulgur

(i) Dargah of Sayyid Shah Qadiri. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid near the above Dargah. Temple site.

  1. Lakshmeshwar, Kali Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Misrikot, Jami Masjid (1585-86). Temple site.
  3. Mogha, Jami Masjid. Ãdityadeva Temple materials used.
  4. Ranebennur, Qala, Masjid (1742). Temple site.
  5. Savanur

(i) Jami Masjid reconstructed in 1847-48. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Khairu’llah Shah Badshah. Temple site.
(iii) Dargah and Masjid of Shah Kamal. Temple site.

IX. Gulbarga District.

  1. Chincholi, Dargah. Temple site.
  2. Dornhalli, Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Firozabad

(i) Jami Masjid (1406). Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Shah Khalifatu’r-Rahman Qadiri (d. 1421). Temple site.

  1. Gobur, Dargah. Ratnaraya Jinalaya Temple materials used.
  2. Gogi

(i) Araba’a Masjid (1338). Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Pir Chanda, Husaini (1454). Temple site.
(iii) Chilla of Shah Habibu’llah (1535-36). Temple site.

  1. Gulbarga, Ancient Hindu city converted into a Muslim capital and the following among other monuments built on temple sites and/or with temple materials:

(i) Kalan Masjid in Mahalla Mominpura (1373).
(ii) Masjid in Shah Bazar (1379).
(iii) Jami Masjid in the Fort (1367).
(iv) Masjid-i-Langar in the Mazar of Haji Zaida.
(v) Masjid near the Farman Talab (1353-54).
(vi) Dargah of Sayyid Muhammad Husaini Banda, Nawaz Gesu Daraz Chishti, disciple of Shykh Nasiru’d-Din Mahmud ChirAgh-i-Dihli.
(vii) Mazar of Shykh Muhammad Siraju’d-Din Junaidi.
(viii) Mazar of Haji Zaida of Maragh (1434)
(ix) Mazar of Sayyid Husainu’d-Din Tigh-i-Barhna (naked sword).
(x) Fort Walls and Gates.

  1. Gulsharam, Dargah and Masjid of Shah Jalal Husaini (1553). Temple site.
  2. Malkhed, Dargah of Sayyid Jafar Husaini in the Fort. Temple site.
  3. Sagar

(i) Dargah of Sufi Sarmast Chishti, disciple of Nizamu’d-Din Awliya of Delhi. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Munawwar Badshah. Temple site.
(iii) Ãshur Khana Masjid (1390-91). Temple site.
(iv) Fort (1411-12). Temple materials used.

  1. Seram, Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
  2. Shah Bazar, Jami Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Shahpur

(i) Dargah of Musa Qadiri (1667-68). Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Muhammad Qadiri (1627). Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of IbrAhIm Qadiri. Temple site.

  1. Yadgir

(i) Ãthan Masjid (1573). Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid. Temple site.

X. Kolar District.

  1. Mulbagal, Dargah of Hyder Wali. Temple site.
  2. Nandi, Masjid east of the village. Temple site.

XI. Mandya District.

  1. Pandavapur, Masjid-i-Ala. Temple site.
  2. Srirangapatnam, Jami Masjid built by Tipu Sultan (1787). Stands on the site of the Ãñjaneya Temple.

XII. Mysore District.

Tonnur, Mazar said to be that of Sayyid Salar Mas’ud (1358). Temple materials used.

XIII. North Kanara District.

  1. Bhatkal, Jami Masjid (1447-48). Temple site.
  2. Haliyal, Masjid in the Fort. Temple materials used.

XIV. Raichur District.

  1. Jaladurga, Dargah of Muhammad Sarwar. Temple site.
  2. Kallur, Two Masjids. Temple sites.
  3. Koppal

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Araboñ-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Sailani Pasha. Temple site.

  1. Manvi, Masjid (1406-07). Temple materials used.
  2. Mudgal

(i) Masjid at Kati Darwaza of the Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Nai Masjid (1583-84). Temple site.
(iii) Two Ashur Khanas built by Ali I Adil Shah. Temple site.
(iv) Fort (1588). Temple materials used.

  1. Raichur

(i) Yak Minar Masjid in the Fort (1503). Temple site.
(ii) Daftari Masjid in the Fort (1498-99). Temple materials used.
(iii) Hazar Baig Masjid (1511-12). Temple site
(iv) Jami Masjid in the Fort (1622-23). Temple materials used.
(v) Jami Masjid in Sarafa Bazar (1628-29). Temple site.
(vi) Kali Masjid in the Fort. Temple materials used.
(vii) Masjid inside the Naurangi. Temple materials used.
(viii) Chowk-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(ix) Jahaniya Masjid (1700-01). Temple site.
(x) Dargah of Shah Mir Hasan and Mir Husain. Temple materials used.
(xi) Dargah of Sayyid Abdul Husaini at Sikandari Gate. Temple site.
(xii) Pañch Bibi Dargah at Bala Hissar. Temple materials used.
(xiii) Mazar of Pir Sailani Shah in the Fort. Temple materials used.
(xiv) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Sindhanur, Ãlamgiri Masjid near the Gumbad. Temple site.
  2. Tawagera, Dargah of Banda Nawaz. Temple site.

XV. Shimoga District.

  1. Almel, Mazar of Ghalib Shah. Temple site.
  2. Basavpatna, Masjid near the Fort. Temple site.
  3. Nagar, Masjid built by Tipu Sultan. Temple materials used.
  4. Sante Bennur, Randhulla Khan-ki-Masjid (1637). Materials of the Rañganatha Temple used.
  5. Sirajpur, Masjid built on top of the Chhinnakeśava Temple for housing Prophet Muhammad’s hair. Images defaced and mutilated. Part of the temple used as a laterine.

XVI. Tumkur District,

  1. Sira

(i) Ibrahim Rauza with many Mazars and a Jami Masjid. Converted temples.
(ii) Dargah of Malik Rihan. Temple site.

  1. Sirol, Jami Masjid (1696). Temple site.

KASHMIR

  1. Amburher, Ziarat of Farrukhzad Sahib. Temple materials used.
  2. Badgam

(i) Ziarat of Abban Shah in Ghagarpur. Temple site.
(ii) Ziarat of Sayyid Swalia Shah in Narbai. Temple site.

  1. Bijbehra, Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Bumzu

(i) Ziarat of Baba Bamdin. Converted Bhimakeśava. Temple.
(ii) Ziarat of Ruknu’d-Din Rishi. Converted temple.
(iii) Ziarat farther up the valley. Converted temple.

  1. Gulmarg, Ziarat of Baba Imam Din Rishi. Temple materials used.
  2. Gupkar, Ziarat of Jyesther and other monuments. Temple materials used.
  3. Hutmar, Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
  4. Khonmuh, Several Ziarats. Temple materials used.
  5. Kitshom, Two Masjids. Stand amidst temple ruins.
  6. Loduv, Ziarat. Temple materials used.
  7. Lohar, Ziarat of Sayyid Chanan Ghazi. Temple site.
  8. Lokbavan, Garden Pavilion. Temple materials from Lokabhavana Tirtha used.
  9. Marsus, Ziarat of Shah Abdu’llah. Temple site.
  10. Pampor

(i) Ziarat of Mir Muhammad Hamadani. VishNusvamin Temple materials used.
(ii) Several other Ziarats. Temple materials used.

  1. Pandrethan, Masjid. Meruvardhanaswamin Temple materials used.
  2. Sangar, Ziarat. Temple materials used.
  3. Sar, Ziarat of Khwaja Khizr. Temple materials used.
  4. Shalmar Garden, Pavilion on the 4th terrace. Temple materials used.
  5. Srinagar, Ancient Hindu city converted into a Muslim capital. The following monuments stand on temple sites and most of them have been constructed with temple materials.

(i) Ziarat of Bahau’d-Din SAhib. Jayasvamin Temple converted.
(ii) Graveyard and its Gate below the 4th Bridge.
(iii) Dargah and Masjid of Shah-i-Hamadani in Kalashpura. On the site of the Kali Temple.
(iv) Nau or Patthar-ki-Masjid built by Nur Jahan.
(v) Graveyard near the Nau Masjid.
(vi) Ziarat of Malik Sahib in Didd Mar. On the site of Didda Matha.
(vii) Masjid and Madrasa and Graveyard near Vicharnag. On the site and from materials of the Vikrameśvara Temple.
(viii) Madni Sahib-ki-Masjid at Zadibal.
(ix) Ziarat south-west of Madni Sahib-ki-Masjid.
(x) Jami Masjid originally built by Sikandar Butshikan and reconstructed in later times.
(xi) Ziarat named Nur Pirastan. NarendrasaAmin Temple converted.
(xii) Maqbara of Sultan Zain’ul-Abidin.
(xiii) Maqbara of Zainu’l-Ãbidin’s mother, queen of Sikandar Butshikan.
(xiv) Ziarat of Pir Haji Muhammad Sahib, south-west of the Jami Masjid. VishNu RaNasvamin Temple converted.
(xv) Ziarats of Makhdum Sahib and Akhun Mulla on Hari Parbat. Bhimasvamin Temple converted.
(xvi) Masjid of Akhun Mulla built by Dara Shikoh.
(xvii) Ziarat of Pir Muhammad Basur in Khandbavan. On the site of Skandabhavana Vihara.
(xviii) Graveyard north-east of Khandbavan.
(xix) Dargah of Pir Dastgir.
(xx) Dargah of Naqshbandi.
(xxi) Ramparts and Kathi Gate of the Fort built by Akbar.
(xxii) Stone embankments on both sides and for several miles of the Jhelum river as its passes through Srinagar.
(xxiii) Astana of MIr Shamsu’d-Din Syed Muhammad Iraqi.

  1. Sudarbal, Ziarat of Hazrat Bal. Temple site.
  2. Tapar, Bund from Naidkhai to Sopor built by Zainu’l-Ãbidin. Materials from Narendreśvara Temple used.
  3. Theda, Ziarat near Dampor. Temple materials used.
  4. Vernag, Stone enclosure built by Jahangir. Temple materials used.
  5. Wular Lake

(i) Suna Lanka, pleasure haunt built by Zainu’l-Ãbidin in the midst of the Lake. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Shukru’d-DIn on the western shore. Temple site.

  1. Zukur, Several Ziarats and Maqbaras. Temple materials used.

KERALA

  1. Kollam, (Kozhikode District), Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
  2. Palghat, Fort built by Tipu Sultan. Temple materials used.

LAKSHADWEEP

  1. Kalpeni, Muhiu’d-Din-Palli Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Kavarati, Prot-Palli Masjid. Temple site.

MADHYA PRADESH

I. Betul District.

  1. Pattan, Dargah of Sulaiman Shah. Temple site.
  2. Umri, Dargah of Rahman Shah. Temple site.

II. Bhopal District.

  1. Berasia, Masjid (1716). Temple site.
  2. Bhopal, Jami Masjid built by Qudsia Begum. SabhamaNDala Temple site.

III. Bilaspur District.

Khimlasa

(i) Dargah of Pañch Pir. Temple site.
(ii) Nagina Mahal. Temple site.
(iii) Idgah. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid with three domes. Temple site.

IV. Damoh District.

(i) Dargah of Ghazi Mian. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

V. Dewas District.

  1. Dewas

(i) Masjid (1562). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1705). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1707). Temple site.

  1. Gandhawal, Graveyard inside the village. Jain Temple materials used.
  2. Sarangpur

(i) Madrasa (1493). Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid (1640). Temple site.
(iii) Pir Jan-ki-Bhati Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Unchod, Idgah (1681). Temple site.

VI. Dhar District.

  1. Dhar, Capital of Raja Bhoja Paramara converted into a Muslim capital. The following Muslim monuments tell their own story:

(i) Kamal Maula Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Lat Masjid (1405). Jain Temple materials used.
(iii) Mazar of Abdu’llah Shah Changal. Temple site.

  1. Mandu, An ancient Hindu city converted into a Muslim capital and the following monuments built on the sites of and/or with materials from temples

(i) Jami Masjid (1454).
(ii) Dilawar Khan-ki-Masjid (1405).
(iii) ChhoTi Jami Masjid.
(iv) Pahredaroñ-ki-Masjid (1417).
(v) Malik Mughis-ki-Masjid.
(vi) Maqbara of Hushang Shah.
(vii) Jahaz Mahal.
(viii) Tawil Mahal.
(ix) Nahar Jharokha.
(x) Hindola Mahal.
(xi) Rupmati Pavilion.
(xii) Ashrafi Mahal.
(xiii) Dai-ki-Chhoti Bahen-ka-Mahal.
(xiv) Baz Bahadur-ka-Mahal.
(xv) Nilkanth Mahal.
(xvi) Chhappan Mahal.
(xvii) Fort and Gates.
(xviii) Gada-Shah-ka-Mahal.
(xix) Hammam Complex.

VII. Dholpur District.

Bari, Masjid (1346 or 1351). Temple site.

VIII. East Nimar District.

  1. Bhadgaon, Jami Masjid (1328). Temple site.
  2. Jhiri, Masjid (1581). Temple site.
  3. Khandwa, Masjid (1619-20). Temple site.

IX. Guna District.

  1. Chanderi, Muslim city built from the ruins of the old or Budhi Chanderi nearby. The following monuments stand on the sites of temples and/or have temple materials used in them:

(i) Masjid (1392).
(ii) Moti Masjid.
(iii) Jami Masjid.
(iv) PañchmuhñDa Masjid.
(v) Qurbani Chabutra.
(vi) Dargah of Mewa Shah.
(vii) Mazar known as BaDa Madrasa.
(viii) Mazar known as ChhoTa Madrasa.
(ix) Raja-ka-Maqbara.
(x) Rani-ka-Maqbara.
(xi) Battisi BaoDi Masjid (1488).
(xii) Hathipur-ki-Masjid (1691).
(xiii) Mazar of Shykh Burhanu’d-Din.
(xiv) Fort.
(xv) Kushk Mahal.
(xvi) Idgah (1495).

  1. Pipari, Masjid (1451). Temple site.
  2. Shadoragaon, Jami Masjid (1621-22). Temple site.

X. Gwalior District.

  1. Gwalior

(i) Dargah of Muhammad Ghaus. Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid near Gujari Mahal. Temple site.
(iii) Masjid near Ganesh Gate. Gawalipa Temple site.
(iv) Graveyards on east and west of the Fort. Temple sites.

  1. Jajao, Lal Patthar-ki-Masjid, Temple materials used.
  2. Mundrail, Several Masjids (1504). Temple sites.
  3. Sipri, Several Masjids and Mazars. Temple materials used.

XI. Indore District.

  1. Depalpur, Masjid (1670). Temple site.
  2. Maheshwar

(i) ShahI Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Mehdipur

(i) Mazar of Godar Shah. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Sanwar, Masjid (1674). Temple site.

XII. Mandsaur District.

  1. Kayampur

(i) Masjid (1676). Temple site.
(ii) Idgah (1701-02). Temple site.

  1. Mandsaur

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Rampura, Padshahi BaoDi. Temple materials used.

XIII. Morena District.

Alapur

(i) Masjid (1561-62). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1586-87). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1697-98). Temple site.

XIV. Panna District.

  1. Ajaigarh, Fort. Temple materials used.
  2. Nachna, Masjid. Converted temple.

XV. Raisen District.

Palmyka Mandir-Masjid. Temple materials used.

XVI. Rajgarh District.

Khujner, Mazar of Dawal Shah. Temple materials used.

XVII. Ratlam District.

Barauda, Masjid (1452-56). Temple site.

XVIII. Sagar District.

  1. Dhamoni, Dargah of Bal Jati Shah (1671). Temple site.
  2. Kanjia

(i) Khan Sahib-ki-Masjid (1594-95). Temple site.
(ii) Idgah (1640). Temple site.
(iv) Alamgiri Masjid (1703). Temple site.
(iii) Qala-ki-Masjid (1643). Temple site.

  1. Khimlasa, Pañch Pir. Temple site.

XIX. Sehore District.

Masjid (1332). Temple site.

XX. Shajapur District.

Agartal, Masjid. Temple site.

XXI. Shivpuri District.

  1. Narod, Zanzari Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Narwar

(i) Dargah of Shah Madar. Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid (1509). Temple materials used.
(iii) Masjid inside Havapaur Gate (1509). Temple site.

  1. Pawaya

(i) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ii) Several other Muslim monuments. Temple materials used.

  1. Ranod

(i) Masjid (1331-32). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1441). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1633). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1640). Temple site.

  1. Shivpuri, Jami Masjid (1440). Temple site.

XXII. Ujjain District.

  1. Barnagar, Masjid (1418). Temple site.
  2. Ujjain,

(i) Jami Masjid known as Bina-niv-ki-Masjid (1403-04). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid unearthed near Chaubis Khamba Gate. Temple materials used.
(iii) MochI Masjid. Converted temple.

XXIII. Vidisha District.

  1. Basoda, Masjid (1720-21). Temple site.
  2. Bhonrasa,

(i) Qalandari Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Jagirdar-ki-Masjid (1683). Temple site.
(iii) BaDi Masjid in Bada Bagh (1685). Temple site.
(iv) Bandi Bagh-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(v) Bara-Khamba Masjid. Temple site.
(vi) Ek-Khamba Masjid. Temple site.
(vii) Bina-niv-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(viii) Graveyard in Bandi Bagh. Amidst temple ruins.
(ix) Idgah. Temple site.
(x) Fort (1594). Temple materials used.

  1. Parasari, Masjid (1694-95). Temple site.
  2. Renkla, Masjid. (1647-48). Temple site.
  3. Shamsabad, Masjid (1641). Temple site.
  4. Sironj

(i) Ãlamgiri Masjid (1662-63). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in Mahalla Rakabganj (1657-58). Temple site.
(iii) DargAh of Shykh Sahib (d. 1657). Temple site.

  1. Tal, Masjid (1644-45). Temple site.
  2. Udaypur

(i) Masjid (1336). Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid built by Aurangzeb. Temple materials used.
(iii) Moti Masjid (1488-89). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1549). Temple site.
(v) Two Masjids of Shah Jahan. Temple sites.
(vi) Masjid of Jahangir. Temple site.

  1. Vidisha

(i) Ãlamgiri or VijaimaNDal Masjid (1682). Converted temple.
(ii) Masjid on Lohangi Hill (1457). Temple site.
(iii) Shah Jahani Masjid (1650-51). Temple site.
(iv) City Wall. Temple materials used,

XXIV. West Nimar District.

  1. Asirgarh

(i) Jami Masjid (1584). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid built in the reign of Shah Jahan. Temple site.
(iii) Idgah (1588-89). Temple site.
(iv) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Bhikangaon, Idgah (1643-44). Temple site.
  2. Baidia, Masjid (1456-57). Temple site.
  3. Burhanpur

(i) Jami Masjid (1588-89). Temple site.
(ii) Bibi Sahib-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Shah Masud-ki-Masjid (1582-83). Temple site.
(iv) Dargah and Masjid of Shah Bahau’d- Din Bajan. Temple site.
(v) Dargah of Sufi Nur Shah. Temple site.

MAHARASHTRA

I. Ahmadnagar District.

  1. Amba Jogi, Fort. Temple materials used.
  2. Bhingar, Mulla Masjid (1367-68). Temple site.
  3. Gogha

(i) Idgah (1395). Temple site.
(ii) Morakhwada Masjid (1630). Temple site.

  1. Jambukhed, Jami Masjid (1687-88). Temple site.
  2. Madhi, Dargah of Ramzan Shah Mahi Sawar. Temple site.

II. Akola District.

  1. Akot, Jami Masjid (1667). Temple site.
  2. Balapur, Masjid (1717-18). Temple site.
  3. Basim, Kaki Shah-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
  4. Jamod

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Pir Paulad Shah. Temple site.

  1. Karanj

(i) Astan Masjid (1659). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1669-70). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1698-99). Temple site.

  1. Manglurpir

(i) Qadimi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Pir Hayat Qalandar (d. 1253). Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Sanam Sahib. Temple site.

  1. Narnala

(i) Jami Masjid (1509). Temple site.
(ii) Ãlamgiri Masjid. Temple site.

  1. Patur, Dargah of Abdul Aziz alias Shykh Babu Chishti (d. 1388). Temple site.
  2. Uprai, Dargah of Shah Dawal. Temple site.

III. Amravati District.

  1. Amner, Masjid and Mazar of Lal Khan (1691-92). Temple site.
  2. Ellichpur

(i) Jami Masjid reconstructed in 1697. Temple site.
(ii) Darushifa Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Chowk-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Idgah. Temple site.
(v) Mazar of Shah Ghulam Husain. Temple site.
(vi) Mazar of Abdul Rahman Ghazi known as Dulha Shah. Temple site.

  1. Ritpur, Aurangzeb’s Jami Masjid (reconstructed in 1878). Temple site.

IV. Aurangabad District.

  1. Antur Fort, Qala-ki-Masjid (1615). Temple site.
  2. Aurangabad

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Lal Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Maqbara of Aurangzeb. Temple site.

  1. Daulatabad

(i) Jami Masjid (1315). Converted lain Temple.
(ii) Yak Minar-ki-Masjid in the Fort. Temple site.
(iii) Masjid-i-Hauz at Kazipura (1458). Temple site.
(iv) Idgah (1359). Temple site.
(v) Dargah of Pir Kadu Sahib. Converted temple.
(vi) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Gangapur, Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.
  2. Kaghzipura, Dargah of Shah Nizamu’d-Din. Temple site.
  3. Khuldabad

(i) Dargah of Hazrat Burhanu’d-Din Gharib Chishti (d. 1339). Temple site.
(ii) Dargah on Pari-ka-Talao. Converted temple.
(iii) Mazar of Halim Kaka Sahib. Converted temple.
(iv) Mazar of Jalalu’l-Haqq. Temple site.
(v) Baradari in Bani Begum’s Garden. Temple site.

  1. Paithan

(i) Jami Masjid (1630). Converted temple.
(ii) Maulana Sahib-ki-Masjid. Converted ReNukadevi Temple.
(iii) Alamagiri Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargah of Makhdum Husain Ahmad (1507). Temple site.

  1. Taltam Fort, Fort. Temple materials used.
  2. Vaijapur

(i) Mazars in Nau Ghazi. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Syed Ruknu’d-Din. Temple site.

V. Bid District.

Bid

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Qazi Sahib-ki-Masjid (1624). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Mahalla Sadr (1704-05). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid and Dargah of Shahinshah Wali. Temple site.
(v) Idgah (1704). Temple site.

VI. Bombay District.

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar at Mahim. Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Maina Hajjam. Converted Mahalakshmi Temple.

VII. Buldana District.

  1. Fathkhelda, Masjid (1581). Temple site.
  2. Malkapur, Masjid near Qazi’s house. Temple site.

VIII. Dhule District.

  1. Bhamer

(i) Masjid (1481-82). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1529-30). Temple site.

  1. Erandol, Jami Masjid in Pandav-vada. Temple materials used.
  2. Nandurbar

(i) Manyar Masjid. SiddheŚvaradeva Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Sayyid Alau’d-Din. Temple site.
(iii) Several Masjids amidst ruins of Hindu temples.

  1. Nasirabad, Several old Masjids. Temple sites.
  2. Nizamabad, Masjid. Temple site.

IX. Jalgaon District.

  1. Jalgaon. Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Phaskhanda, Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Shendurni, Masjid-i-Kabir (1597). Temple site.

X. Kolhapur District.

  1. Bhadole, Masjid (1551-52). Temple site.
  2. Kagal, Dargah of Ghaibi Pir. Temple site.
  3. Kapshi, Masjid-e-Husaini. Temple site.
  4. Panhala

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Shykh Saidu’d-DIn. Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of BaDa Imam in the Fort. Temple site.
(iv) Mazar of Sadoba Pir. Paraśara Temple site.

  1. Shirol, Jami Masjid (1696). Temple site.
  2. Vishalgarh, Mazar of Malik Rihan Pir. Temple site.

XI. Nagpur District.

Ramtek, Masjid built in Aurangzeb’s reign. Converted temple.

XII. Nanded District.

  1. Bhaisa

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Three Dargahs. Temple sites.

  1. Deglur, Mazar of Shah Ziau’d-Din Rifai. Temple site.
  2. Kandhar

(i) Jami Masjid (1606). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid and Dargah inside the Fort. Temple materials used.
(iii) Causeway of the Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Nanded, Idgah in Khas Bagh. Temple site.

XIII. Nasik District.

  1. Galna

(i) Dargah of Pir Pulad (1581). Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Gondengaon, Jami Masjid (1703). Temple site.
  2. Malegaon, Dargah of Khaki Shah. Temple site.
  3. Nasik, Jami Masjid in the Fort. Converted Mahalakshmi Temple.
  4. Pimpri, Mazar of Sayyid Sadrau’d-Din. Temple site.
  5. Rajapur, Masjid (1559). Temple site.

XIV. Osmanabad District.

  1. Ausa, Masjid (1680). Temple site.
  2. Naldurg, Masjid (1560). Temple site.
  3. Parenda

(i) Masjid inside the Fort. Built entirely of temple materials.
(ii) Namazgah near the Talav. Converted Manakeśvara Temple.

XV. Parbhani District.

  1. Khari, Mazar of Ramzan Shah. Temple site.
  2. Latur

(i) Dargah of Mabsu Sahib. Converted Minapuri Mata Temple.
(ii) Dargah of Sayyid Qadiri. Converted Someśvara Temple.

  1. Malevir, KhaDu Jami Masjid. Converted temple.

XVI. Pune District.

  1. Chakan, Masjid (1682). Temple site.
  2. Ghoda, Jami Masjid. Built in 1586 from materials of 33 temples.
  3. Junnar

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple Site.
(ii) Diwan Ahmad-ki-Masjid (1578-79). Temple site.
(iii) GunDi-ki-Masjid (1581). Temple site.
(iv) MadAr Chilla-ki-Masjid. (1611-12). Temple site.
(v) Kamani Masjid on Shivneri Hill (1625). Temple site.
(vi) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Khed, Masjid and Mazar of Dilawar Khan. Temple site.
  2. Mancher, Masjid at the South-Western Gate. Temple site.
  3. Sasvad, Masjid. Built entirely of Hemadapanti temple materials.

XVII. Ratnagiri District.

  1. Chaul

(i) Mazar of Pir Sayyid Ahmad. Converted Samba Temple.
(ii) Maqbara near Hinglaj Spur. Temple site.
(iii) Graveyard. Temple site.

  1. Dabhol, Patthar-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Rajpuri, Aidrusia Khanqah. Temple site.
  3. Yeshir, Jami Masjid (1524). Temple site.

XVIII. Sangli District.

  1. Mangalvedh, Fort. Temple materials used.
  2. Miraj

(i) Masjid (1415-16). Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid (1506). Temple site.
(iii) Kali Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Namazgah (1586-97). Temple site.
(v) Dargah of BaDa Imam. Temple site.

XIX. Satara District.

  1. Apti, Masjid (1611-12). Temple site.
  2. Karad

(i) Jami Masjid (1575-76). Temple materials used.
(ii) Qadamagah of Ali (1325). Temple site.

  1. Khanpur, Jami Masjid (1325). Temple materials used.
  2. Rahimatpur,

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Maqbara known as that of Jahangir’s Mother (1649). Temple site.

XX. Sholapur District.

  1. Begampur, Maqbara near Gadheshvar. Temple site.
  2. Sholapur, Fort, Temple materials used.

XXI. Thane District.

  1. Kalyan

(i) Dargah of Hazrat Yaqub, Temple site.
(ii) Makka Masjid (1586). Temple site.

  1. Malanggadh, Mazar of Baba MalaNg. Temple site.

XXII. Wardha District.

  1. Ashti

(i) Jami Masjid (1521). Temple site.
(ii) Lodi Masjid (1671-72). Temple site.

  1. Girad, Mazar of Shykh Farid. Converted temple.
  2. Paunar, Qadimi Masjid. Converted Ramachandra. Temple.

ORISSA

I. Baleshwar District.

Jami Masjid in Mahalla Sunhat (163-74). Śri ChanDi Temple site.

II. Cuttack District.

  1. Alamgir Hill, Takht-i-Sulaiman Masjid (1719). Temple materials used.
  2. Cuttack

(i) Shahi Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Masjids in Oriya Bazar. Temple sites.
(iii) Qadam Rasul Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1668-69). Temple site.
(v) Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.

  1. Jajpur

(i) DargAh of Sayyid Bukhari. Materials of many temples used.
(ii) Jami Masjid built by Nawwab Abu Nasir. Temple materials used.

  1. Kendrapara, Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Salepur, Masjid. Temple site.

III. Ganjam District.

Lalapet, Masjid (1690). Temple site.

PUNJAB

I. Bhatinda District.

Mazar of Baba Haji Rattan (1593). Converted temple.

II. Gurdaspur District.

Batala, Jami Masjid. Temple site.

III. Jalandhar District.

Sultanpur, Badshahi Sarai. Built on the site of a Buddhist Vjhara.

IV. Ludhiana District.

(i) Dargah and Masjid of Ali Sarmast (1570). Temple site.
(ii) Qazi-ki-Masjid (1517). Temple site.

V. Patiala District.

  1. Bahadurgarh, Masjid in the Fort (1666). Temple site.
  2. Bawal, Masjid (1560). Temple site.
  3. Samana

(i) Sayyidoñ-ki-Masjid (1495). Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid (1614-15). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid near Imambara (1637). Temple site.
(iv) Pirzada-ki-Masjid (1647). Temple site.

VI. Ropar District.

Jami Masjid. Temple site.

VII. Sangrur District.

Sunam

(i) Qadimi Masjid (1414). Temple site.
(ii) Ganj-i-Shahidan. Temple site.

RAJASTHAN

I. Ajmer District.

It was a Hindu capital converted into a Muslim metropolis. The following monuments stand on the site of and/or are built with materials from temples.

  1. ADhai-Din-kA-Jhoñpra (1199).
  2. Qalandar Masjid at Taragarh.
  3. Ganj-i-Shahidan at Taragarh.
  4. Dargah of Muinu’d-Din Chisti (d. 1236).
  5. Chilia-i-Chishti near Annasagar Lake.
  6. Dargah and Mazar of Sayijid Husain at Taragah.
  7. Jahangiri Mahal at Pushkar.
  8. Shahjahani Masjid (1637).
  9. Annasagar Baradari.

II. Alwar District.

  1. Alwar, Mazar of Makhdum Shah. Temple site.
  2. Bahror

(i) Dargah of Qadir Khan. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid near the Dargah. Temple site.

  1. Tijara

(i) Bhartari Mazar. Converted temple.
(ii) Masjid near the Dargah. Temple site.

III. Bharatpur District.

  1. Barambad, Masjid (1652-53). Temple site.
  2. Bari

(i) Graveyard of Arabs and Pathans. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1510). Temple site.

  1. Bayana

(i) Ûkha or Nohara Masjid. Converted Ûsha Temple.
(ii) Qazipara Masjid (1305). Temple materials used.
(iii) Faujdari Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Syyidpara Masjid. Temple materials used.
(v) Muffonki Masjid. Temple materials used.
(vi) Pillared Cloister at Jhalar Baoli. Temple materials used.
(vii) Idgah near Jhalar Baoli. Temple site.
(viii) Taleti Masjid in the Bijayagarh Fort. Converted temple.
(ix) Abu Qandahar Graveyard. Temple site.
(x) Masjid in Bhitari-Bahari Mahalla. VishNu Temple materials used.

  1. Etmada, Pirastan. Temple site.
  2. Kaman

(i) Chaurasi Khamba Masjid. Converted Kamyakesvara Temple.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

IV. Chittaurgarh District.

  1. Mazar of Ghaibi Pir and the surrounding Graveyard. Temple sites.
  2. Qanati Masjid in the same area. Temple site.

V. Jaipur District.

  1. Amber, Jami Masjid (1569-70). Temple site.
  2. Chatsu

(i) Chhatri of Gurg Ali Shah (d. 1571). Temple materials used.
(ii) Nilgaroñ-ki-Masjid (1381). Temple site.

  1. Dausa, Jami Masjid (1688-89). Temple site.
  2. Naraina

(i) Jami Masjid (1444). Temple materials used.
(ii) Tripolia Darwaza. Temple materials used.

  1. Sambhar

(i) Ganj-i-Shahidan. Temple site.
(ii) DargAh of Khwaja Hisamu’d-Din Jigarsukhta. Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Mahalla Nakhas (1695-96). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid in Rambagh (1696-97). Temple site.

  1. Tordi, Khari Baoli. Temple materials used.

VI. Jaisalmer District.

  1. Jaisalmer, Faqiron-ka-Takiya. Temple site.
  2. Pokaran, Masjid (1704-05). Temple site.

VII. Jalor District.

  1. Jalor

(i) Shahi or Topkhana Masjid (1323). Parśvanatha Temple materials used.
(ii) Idgah (1318). Temple site.
(iii) Baoliwali Masjid (1523). Temple site.

  1. Sanchor, Jami Masjid (1506). Temple site.

VIII. Jhalawar District.

Sunel, Masjid (1466-67). Temple site.

IX. Jhunjhunu District.

Narhad, Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.

X. Jodhpur District.

  1. Jodhpur, Yak-Minar-ki-Masjid (1649). Temple site.
  2. Mandor

(i) Shahi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Ghulam Khan-ki-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargah of Tanna Pir. Temple materials used.

  1. Pipar City, Jami Masjid (1658). Temple. site.

XI. Kota District.

  1. Baran, Masjid (1680). Temple site.
  2. Bundi, Miran Masjid on the hill east of the town. Temple site.
  3. Gagraun

(i) Jami Masjid (1694). Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Hazrat Hamidu’d-Din known as Mittha Shah. Temple site.

  1. Shahabad

(i) Sher Shah Suri-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid. (1671-72). Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Rahim Khan Data (1534-35). Temple site.

  1. Shergarh, Fort of Sher Shah Suri. Brahmanical, Buddhist and Jain temple materials used.

XII. Nagaur District.

  1. Amarpur, Masjid (1655). Temple site.
  2. Bakalia, Masjid (1670). Temple site.
  3. Balapir, Masjid. Temple site.
  4. Badi Khatu

(i) Shahi Masjid (around 1200). Temple materials used.
(ii) Qanati Masjid (1301). Temple site.
(iii) Pahariyoñ-ki-Masjid and Chheh Shahid Mazars. Temple materials used.
(iv) Jaliyabas-ki-Masjid (1320). Temple site.
(v) BaDi and ChhoTi Masjid in Mahalla Sayiddan. Temple site.
(vi) Khanzadoñ-ki-Masjid (1482). Temple site.
(vii) Masjid and Dargah of Muhammad Qattal Shahid (1333). Temple materials used.
(viii) Dhobiyoñ-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(ix) Masjid-i-Sangatrashan (1639). Temple site.
(x) Dargah of Baba Ishaq Maghribi (1360). Temple site.
(xi) Dargah of Samman Shah. Temple sites.
(xii) Ganj-i-Shahidan. Temple site.
(Xiii) Mominoñ-ki-Masjid (1667). Temple site.
(xiv) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Basni, BaDi Masjid (1696). Temple site.
  2. Chhoti Khatu, Dargah of Shah Nizam Bukhari (1670). Temple site.
  3. Didwana

(i) Qazioñ-ki-Masjid (1252). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in Gudri Bazar (1357). Temple site.
(iii) Band (closed) Masjid (1384). Temple site.
(iv) Shaikoñ-ki-Masjid (1377). Temple site.
(v) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(vi) Qala-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(vii) Havala Masjid. Temple site.
(viii) Sayyidoñ-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(ix) Takiya-ki-Masjid (1582-83). Temple site.
(x) Kachahri Masjid (1638). Temple site.
(xi) Dhobioñ-ki-Masjid (1662).
(xii) Julahoñ-ki-Masjid (1664). Temple site.
(xiii) Loharoñ-ki-Masjid (1665). Temple site.
(xiv) Bisatiyoñ-ki-Masjid (1675-76). Temple site.
(xv) Mochioñ-ki-Masjid (1686). Temple site
(xvi) Shah Changi Madari Masjid (1711). Temple site.
(xvii) Idgah. Temple site.
(xviii) Graveyard near Delhi Darwaza. Temple site.
(xix) Din Darwaza (1681). Temple site.
(xx) Mazar of Rashidu’d-Din Shahid. Temple site.

  1. Kathoti, Masjid (1569-70). Temple site.
  2. Kumhari

(i) Masjid and Dargah of Bala Pir (1496-97). Temple site.
(ii) Qalandari Masjid. Temple site.

  1. Ladnun

(i) Jami Masjid (1371). Temple materials used.
(ii) Hazirawali or Khalji Masjid (1378-79). Temple site.
(iii) Shahi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargah of Umrao Shahid Ghazi (1371). Temple site.
(v) Graveyard near the above Dargah. Temple site.
(vi) Mazar-i-Murad-i-Shahid. Temple site.

  1. Loharpura

(i) Dargah of Pir Zahiru’d-Din. Temple site.
(ii) ChhoTi Masjid (1602). Temple site.

  1. Makrana

(i) Jami Masjid. (Sher Shah). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid near Pahar Kunwa (1653). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in Gaur Bas (1678). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1643). Temple site.

  1. Merta

(i) Masjid in Salawtan (1625-26). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in Gaditan (1656). Temple site.
(iii) Jami Masjid. (1665). Temple site.
(iv) Mochiyoñ-ki-Masjid (1663). Temple site.
(v) Ghosiyoñ-ki-Masjid (1665). Temple site.
(vi) Mominoñ-ki-Masjid (1666). Temple site.
(vii) Masjid in Maharaj-ki-Jagir (1666). Temple site
(viii) Chowk-ki-Masjid (1670). Temple site.
(ix) Hajjamoñ-ki-Masjid (1686-87). Temple site.
(x) Miyañji-ki-Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.
(xi) Sabungaroñ-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(xii) Dargah of Ghaus Pir. Temple site.
(xiii) Takiya Kamal Shah. Temple site.

  1. Nagaur

(i) Mazar of Pir Zahiru’d-Din. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Baba Badr. Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Sufi Hamidu’d-Din Nagauri Chishti. Temple site.
(iv) Dargah of Shykh Abdul Qadir Jilani. Temple site.
(v) Dargah of Makhdum Husain Nagauri. Temple site.
(vi) Dargah of Ahmad Ali Bapji. Temple site.
(vii) Dargah of Sayyid Imam Nur (1527). Temple site.
(viii) Dargah of Shah Abdu’s-Salam. Temple site.
(xi) Dargah of Miran Sahib. Temple site.
(xii) Shams Khan Masjid near Shamsi Talav. Temple materials used.
(xiii) Jami Masjid (1553). Temple site.
(xiv) Ek Minar-ki-Masjid (1505-06). Temple site.
(xv) Dhobiyoñ-ki-Masjid (1552). Temple site.
(xvi) Chowk-ki-Masjid (1553). Temple site.
(xvii) Mahawatoñ-ki-Masjid (1567-68). Tempe site.
(xviii) Hamaloñ-ki-Masjid (1599-1600). Temple site.
(xix) Shah Jahani Masjid at Surajpole. Converted temple.
(xx) Masjid outside the Fort (1664). Temple site.
(xxi) Kharadiyoñ-ki-Masjid(1665). Temple site
(xxii) Ghosiyoñ-ki-Masjid (1677). Temple site.
(xxiii) Masjid near Maya Bazar (1677). Temple site.
(xxiv) Qalandroñ-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(xxv) Kanehri Julahoñ-ki-Masjid (1669). Temple site.
(xxvi) Sayyidoñ-ki-Masjid (1433-34). Temple site.
(xxvii) AkhaDewali Masjid (1475). Temple site.

  1. Parbatsar, Mazar of Badru’d-Din Shah Madar. Temple site.
  2. Ren, Masjid (1685). Temple site.
  3. Rohal, Qazioyñ-ki-Masjid (1684). Temple site.
  4. Sojat, Masjid (1680-81). Temple site.

XIII. Sawai Madhopur District.

  1. Garh, Qala-ki-Masjid (1546-47). Temple site.
  2. Hinduan

(i) Rangrezoñ-ki-Masjid (1439). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in the Takiya of Khwaja Ali. Temple site.
(iii) Kachahri Masjid (1659-60). Temple site.
(iv) Bara Khamba Masjid (1665). Temple site.
(v) Graveyard east of the Talav. Temple site.
(vi) Masjid and Mazar of Rasul Shah. Temple site.

  1. Ranthambor, Qala-ki-Masjid. Temple materials used.

XIV. Sikar District.

Revasa, Masjid. Temple materials used.

XV. Tonk District.

Nagar, Ishakhan Baoli. Temple materials used.

XVI. Udaipur District.

Mandalgarh, Alai Masjid. Converted Jain Temple.

TAMIL NADU

I. Chingleput District.

  1. Acharwak, Mazar of Shah Ahmad. Temple site.
  2. Kanchipuram

(i) Large Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Eight other Masjids. Temple sites.
(iii) Gumbad of Baba Hamid Wali. Temple site.

  1. Karkatpala, Mazar of Murad Shah Mastan. Temple site.
  2. Kovalam, Dargah of Malik bin Dinar (1593-94). Temple site.
  3. Munropet

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Shah Ali Mastan. Temple site.

  1. Pallavaram

(i) Hill of Panchapandyamalai renamed Maula Pahad and central hall of an ancient Cave Temple turned into a Masjid for worshipping a panja (palm).
(ii) Mazar of Shykh Husain Qadiri alias Budu ShahId. Temple site.
(iii) Poonmalle, Mir Jumla’s Masjid (1653). Temple materials used.

  1. Rajkoilpetta, Mazar of Haji Umar. Temple site.
  2. Rampur, Takiya of the Tabqati order of Faqirs. Temple site.
  3. Rayapeta, Walajahi Masjid. Temple site.
  4. Walajahbad, Masjid. Temple site.

II. Coimbatore District.

  1. Annamalai, Fort. Repaired by Tipu Sultan with temple materials.
  2. Coimbatore, Large Masjid of Tipu Sultan. Temple site.
  3. Sivasamudram, DargAh of Pir Wali. Temple site.

III. Madras District.

Jami Masjid. Temple site.

IV. Madura District.

  1. Bonduvarapetta, Masjid. Temple materials used.
  2. Devipatnam, Large Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Goripalaiyam, Dargah of Khwaja Alau’d-Din. Temple site.
  4. Madura, Dargah of Khwaza Alau’d-Din. Temple site.
  5. Nimarpalli

(i) Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Makhdum Jalalu’d-Din. Temple materials used.

  1. Puliygulam, Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Soravandam, Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Tiruparankunram, Sikandar Masjid on top of the Hill. Stands admist ruins of Brahmanical, Buddhist and Jain temples.

V. North Arcot District.

  1. Arcot, A city of temples before its occupation by Muslims.

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Tomb of Sadatu’llah Khan. Atreya Temple materials used.
(iii) Masjid and Mazar of Tipu Awliya. Temple site.
(iv) Dargah of Sayyid Husain Shah. Temple site.
(v) Qala-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(vi) Masjid of Shah Husain Chishti. Temple site.
(vii) Masjid and Gumbad of Papa ShahId. Temple site.
(viii) Gumbad of Shah Sadiq with a graveyard. Temple site.
(ix) Masjid and Mazar of Shah Azmatu’llah Qadiri. Temple site.
(x) Masjid of Shykh Natthar. Temple site.
(xi) Masjid of Murad Shah. Temple site.
(xii) Masjid of Mir Asadu’llah Khan. Temple site.
(xiii) Masjid of Maulawi Jamal Ali. Temple site.
(xiv) Masjid and Gumbad of Sayyid Ahmad alias Yar Pir. Temple site.
(xv) Masjid of Chanda Sahib. Temple site.
(xvi) Masjid of Miskin Shah with Gumbad of Amin Pir. Temple site.
(xvii) Masjid and Mazar of Hazrat Usman Khan Sarwar. Temple site.
(xviii) Masjid in the Maqbara of Mughlani. Temple site.
(xix) Masjid of GhulAm Rasul Khan. Temple site.
(xx) Masjid of Shah Ghulam Husain Dargahi. Temple site.
(xxi) Masjid of Hafiz Abdul Aziz. Temple site.
(xxii) Masjid of Hafiz Karimu’llah. Temple site.
(xxiii) Masjid and Gumbad in Tajpura. Temple site. Outside the city
(xxiv) Takiya of Qatil Pandu Sarguroh. Temple site.
(xxv) Masjid and Gumbad of Ahmad Tahir Khan. Temple site.
(xxvi) Masjid, Khanqah, Graveyard and Gumbad in Hasanpura. Temple site.
(xxvii) Gumbad of Hazrat Antar Jami with the Idgah. Temple site.
(xxviii) Takiya, of Sabit Ali Shah. Temple site.
(xxix) Masjid and Mazar of Sayyid KarIm Muhammad. Qadiri. Temple site.
(xxx) Masjid of Sadatmand Khan. Temple site.
(xxxi) Masjid of Abu’l-Hasan Zakir. Temple site.
(xxxii) Masjid of Daud Beg. Temple site.
(xxxiii) Masjid and Gumbad of Hazrat Shah Nasir. Temple site.
(xxxiv) Masjid of Punji. Temple site.
(xxxv) Mazar of Yadu’llah Shah. Temple site.
(xxxvi) Rangin Masjid. Temple site.
(xxxvii) House of Relic which has a footprint of the Holy Prophet. Converted temple.

  1. Arni

(i) Two Masjids. Temple sites.
(ii) Dargah of Seven Shahids. Temple site.

  1. Kare, Naulakh Gumbad. Converted Gautama and Viśvamitra. Temple
  2. Kaveripak

(i) Idgah. Temple site.
(ii) Takiya. Temple site.
(iii) Three Masjids. Temple sites.

  1. Nusratgarh, Many Masjids and Mazars in the ruined Fort. Temple sites.
  2. Pirmalipak, Mazar of Wajid Shah Champar Posh. Temple site.
  3. Ramna

(i) Masjid of Kamtu Shah. Temple site.
(ii) Takiya of Shah Sadiq Tabqati. Temple site.

  1. Vellore

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) ChhoTi Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Nur Muhammad Qadiri who ‘laid waste’ many temples. Temple site.
(iv) Mazar of Shah Abu’l-Hasan Qadiri.
(v) Mazar of Abdul Latif Zauqi. Temple site.
(vi) Mazar of Ali Husaini Chishti. Temple site.
(vii) Mazar of Hazrat Ali Sultan. Temple site.
(viii) Mazar of Amin Pir. Temple site.
(ix) Mazar of Shah Lutfu’llah Qadiri. Temple site.
(x) Mazar of Sahib Padshah Qadiri. Temple site.

  1. Walajahnagar, Masjid and Mazar of Pir Sahib on the Hill. Temple site.
  2. Wali-Muhammad-Petta, Masjid. Temple site.

VI. Ramanathapuram District.

  1. Eruvadi

(i) Dargah of Hazrat Ibrahim Shahid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Hazrat Fakhru’d-Din Shahid alias Katbaba Sahib. Temple site.

  1. Kilakari

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Muhammad Qasim Appa. Temple site.
(iii) Apparpalli Masjid. Temple site.

  1. Periyapattanam, Dargah of Sayyid Sultan Wali. Temple site.
  2. Valinokkam

(i) Pallivasal Masjid (1417-18). Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Katupalli (1425). Temple site.

  1. Ramanathapuram, Old Masjid. Temple site.

VII. Salem District.

Sankaridurg, Masjid on the ascent to the Fort. Temple site.

VIII. South Arcot District.

  1. Anandapur, Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Chidambaram

(i) Lalkhan Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Nawal Khan Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iii) Idgah. Temple site.
(iv) Mazar of Aminu’d-Din Chishti. Temple site.
(v) Mazar of Sayyid Husain. Temple site.

  1. Gingee

(i) Masjid (1718). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1732). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid in the Fort. Temple site.

  1. Kawripet, Mazar of Qalandar Shah. Temple site.
  2. Manjakupham, Mazar of Shah Abdu’r-Rahim. Temple site.
  3. Mansurpeta, Itibar Khan-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
  4. Nallikuppam

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Shykh Miran Sahib. Temple site.

  1. Pannuti

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Gumbad of Nur Muhammad Qadiri. Temple site.

  1. Swamiwaram, Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Tarakambari

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Shykh Ismail Sahib. Temple site.

  1. Tirumalarayanapatnam, Mazar of Abdul Qadir Yamini. Temple site.
  2. Warachkuri, Mazar of Shah Jalal Husaini. Temple site.

IX. Thanjavur District.

  1. Ammapettah

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Muinu’d-Din Husain Qadiri. Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Shah Jafar. Temple site.

  1. Ilyur

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Inayatu’llah Dirwesh. Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Muhammad Mastan. Temple site.
(iv) Mazar of Miran Husain. Temple site.

  1. Karambari

(i) Mazar of Arab Sahib. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Mubtala Shah. Temple site.

  1. Kurikyalpalayam

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Makhdum Haji. Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Makhdum Jahan Shah. Temple site.

  1. Kurkuti, Gumbad of Hasan Qadiri alias Ghyb Sahib. Temple site.
  2. Kushalpalayam

(i) Mazar of Hazrat Taj Firaq Badanshahi. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Hidayat Shah Arzani. Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Yar Shah Husainshahi. Temple site.

  1. Nagur

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Qadir Wali Shah. Temple site.

  1. Urancheri, Mazar of Pir Qutbu’d-Din. Temple site.
  2. Vijayapuram, GumbaD of Sultan Makhdum. Temple site.
  3. Wadayarkari, MazAr of Bawa SAhib Shahid. Temple site.

X. Tiruchirapalli District.

  1. Puttur, Mazar. Temple materials used.
  2. Tiruchirapalli

(i) Dargah of NatThar Shah Wali. Converted Śiva Temple. Lingam used as lamp-post.
(ii) Masjid-i-Muhammadi. Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Baba Muhiu’d-Din Sarmast. Temple site.
(iv) Mazar of Hazrat Fathu’llah Nuri. Temple site.
(v) Mazar of Shams Paran. Temple site.
(vi) Mazar of Sayyid Abdul Wahhab. Temple site.
(vii) Mazar of Shah Fazlu’llah Qadiri. Temple site.
(viii) Mazar of Shah Nasiru’d-Din. Temple site.
(ix) Mazar of Faridu’d-Din Shahid. Temple site.
(x) Mazar of Hazrat Chand Mastan. Temple site.
(xi) Mazar of Sayyid Zainu’l-Ãbidin at Tinur. Temple site.
(xii) Mazar of Sayyid Karimu’d-Din Qadiri. Temple site.
(xiii) Mazar of Alimu’llah Shah Qadiri called Barhana Shamsir (Naked Sword). Temple site.
(xiv) Mazar of Shah Imamu’d-Din Qadiri. Temple site.
(xv) Mazar of Kaki- Shah. Temple site.
(xvi) Mazar of Khwaja Aminu’d-Din Chisti. Temple site.
(xvii) Mazar of Khwaja Ahmad Shah Husain Chishti. Temple site.
(xviii) Mazar of Shah Bheka. Converted temple.
(xix) Mazar of Shah Jamalu’d-Din Husain Chishti. Temple site.
(xx) Mazar of Qayim Shah who destroyed twelve temples. Temple site.
(xxi) Mazar of Munsif Shah Suhrawardiyya. Temple site.
(xxii) Mazar of Itiffaq Shah. Temple site.
(xxiii) Mazar of Sayyid Jalal Qadiri. Temple site.
(xxiv) Mazar of Mahtab Shah Shirazi Suhrawardiyya. Temple site.
(xxv) Masjid of Haji Ibrahim where NaTThar Shah Wali (see i above) stayed on his arrival. Temple site.

  1. Valikondapuram

(i) Masjid opposite the Fort. Converted temple.
(ii) Mazar near the Masjid. Converted temple.
(iii) Sher Khan-ki-Masjid (1690). Temple site.
(iv) Old Jami Masjid. Temple site.

XI. Tirunelvelli District.

  1. Ambasamudram, Mazar of Hazrat Rahmtu’llah near the ruined Fort. Temple site.
  2. Kayalpattanam

(i) Periyapalli Masjid (1336-37).
(ii) Sirupalli Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Nainar Muhammad. Temple site.
(iv) Marukudiyarapalli Masjid. Temple site.

  1. Tirunelvelli, Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.

UTTAR PRADESH

I. Agra District.

  1. Agra

(i) Kalan Masjid in Saban Katra (1521). Temple materials used.
(ii) Humayun-ki-Masjid at Kachhpura (1537-38). Temple site.
(iii) Jami Masjid of Jahanara (1644). Temple site.
(iv) Dargah of Kamal Khan Shahid in Dehra Bagh. Temple material uses.
(v) Riverside part of the Fort of Akbar. Jain Temple sites.
(vi) Chini ka Rauza. Temple site.

  1. Bisauli, Masjid (1667-68). Temple site.
  2. Fatehpur Sikri

(i) Anbiya Wali Masjid and several others in Nagar. Converted temples.
(ii) Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargah of Shykh Salim Chishti. Temple site.
(iv) Fatehpur Sikri Complex. Several temple sites.

  1. Firozabad, Qadim Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Jajau, Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Rasulpur, Mazar of Makhdum Shah. Temple site.
  4. Sikandra

(i) Maqbara of Akbar. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid in the Mission Compound. Temple site.

II. Aligarh District

  1. Aligarh

(i) Idgah (1562-63). Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Shykh Jalalu’d-Din Chishti Shamsul-Arifin. Temple site.
(iii) Graveyard with several Mazars. Temple site.
(iv) Shershahi Masjid (1542). Temple site.
(v) Masjid (1676). Temple site.

  1. Pilkhana, Babari or Jami Masjid (1528-29). Temple: materials used.
  2. Sikandara Rao, Jami Masjid (1585). Temple site.

III. Allahabad District.

  1. Allahabad

(i) Fort of Akbar. Temple sites.
(ii) Khusru Bagh. Temple sites.
(iii) Dargah of Shah Ajmal Khan with a Graveyard. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1641-22). Temple site.
(v) Gulabbari Graveyard. Temple site.

  1. Koh Inam, Jami Masjid (1384). Temple site.
  2. Mauima, Qadim Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Shahbazpur, Masjid (1644-45). Temple site.

IV. Azamgarh District.

  1. Dohrighat, Kalan Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Ganjahar, Masjid (1687-88). Temple site.
  3. Mehnagar, Tomb of Daulat or Abhiman. Temple site.
  4. Nizambad

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Mian Maqbul and Husain Khan Shahid (1562). Temple sites.

  1. Qasba, Humayun’s Jami Masjid (1533-34). Temple site.

V. Badaun District.

  1. Alapur, Ãlamgiri Masjid. Temple materials used.
  2. Badaun

(i) Shamsi or Jami Masjid (1233). Temple materials used.
(ii) Shamsi Idgah (1209). Temple materials used.
(iii) Hauz-i-Shamsi (1203). Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargah of Shah Wilayat (1390). Temple site.
(v) Several other Masjids and Mazars. Temple sites.

  1. Sahiswan, Jami Masjid (1300). Temple site.
  2. Ujhani, Abdullah Khan-ki-Masjid. Temple site.

VI. Bahraich District.

DargAh of Salar Masud Ghazi. Suryadeva Temple site.

VII. Ballia District.

Kharid

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Ruknu’d-Din Shah. Temple site.

VIII. Banda District.

  1. Augasi, Masjid (1581-82). Temple site.
  2. Badausa, Masjid (1692). Temple site.
  3. Kalinjar

(i) Masjid in Patthar Mahalla (1412-13). Converted Lakshmi-NarayaNa Temple.
(ii) Masjid (1660-61). Temple site.
(iii) Several other Masjids and Mazars. Temple sites.

  1. Soron, Dargah of Shykh Jamal. Temple site.

IX. Bara Banki District.

  1. Bhado Sarai, Mazar of Malamat Shah. Temple site.
  2. Dewa

(i) Dargah of Haji Waris Ali Shah. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1665). Temple site.

  1. Fatehpur

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Imambara. Temple site.

  1. Radauli

(i) Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Shah Ahmad and Zuhra Bibi. Temple site.

  1. Rauza Gaon, Rauza of Daud Shah. Temple site.
  2. Sarai-Akbarabad, Masjid (1579-80). Temple site.
  3. Satrikh, Dargah of Salar Sahu Ghazi. Temple site.

X. Bareilly District.

  1. Aonla

(i) Begum-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Maqbara of Ali Muhammad Rohilla. Temple site.

  1. Bareilly, Mirzai Masjid (1579-80). Temple site.
  2. Faridpur, Fort built by Shykh Farid. Temple materials used.

XI. Bijnor District.

  1. Barmih-ka-Khera, Masjid. Temple materials used.
  2. Jahanabad, Maqbara of Nawab Shujaat Khan. Temple site.
  3. Kiratpur, Fort with a Masjid inside. Temple materials used.
  4. Mandawar, Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
  5. Najibabad, Patthargarh Fort. Temple materials used.
  6. Nihtaur, Masjid. Temple site.
  7. Seohara, Masjid. Temple site.

XII. Bulandshahar District.

  1. Aurangabad Sayyid, All Masjids stand on temple sites.
  2. Bulandshahar

(i) Dargah. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Materials of many temples used.
(iii) Idgah. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1311). Temple site.
(v) Masjid (1538). Temple site.
(vi) Masjid (1557). Temple site.

  1. Khurja, Mazar of Makhdum Sahib. Temple site.
  2. Shikarpur, Several Masjids built in Sikandar Lodi’s reign. Temple sites.
  3. Sikandarabad, Several Masjids built in Sikandar Lodi’ a reign. Temple sites.

XIII. Etah District.

  1. Atranjikhera, Mazar of Hazrat Husain (or Hasan). Temple site.
  2. Jalesar

(i) Mazar of Miran Sayyid Ibrahim (1555). Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Kasganj, Jami Masjid (1737-38). Temple site.
  2. Marahra, Masjid and Mazar. Temple site.
  3. Sakit

(i) Qadim Masjid (1285). Temple materials used.
(ii) Akbari Masjid (1563). Temple site.

XIV. Etawah District.

  1. Auraiya, Two Masjids. Temple sites.
  2. Etawah, Jami Masjid. Converted temple.
  3. Phaphund, Masjid and Mazar of Shah Bukhari (d. 1549). Temple site.

XV. Farrukhabad District.

  1. Farrukhabad, Several Masjids. Temple materials used.
  2. Kannauj

(i) Dina or Jami Masjid (1406). Sita-ki-Rasoi. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Makhdum Jahanian. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargah of Baba Haji Pir. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1663-64). Temple site.
(v) Dargah of Bala Pir. Temple site.

  1. Rajgirhar, Mazar of Shykh Akhi Jamshed. Temple site.
  2. Shamsabad, All Masjids and Mazars. Temple sites.

XVI. Fatehpur District.

  1. Haswa, Idgah (1650-51). Temple site.
  2. Hathgaon

(i) Jayachandi Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Burhan Shahid. Temple site.

  1. Kora (Jahanabad)

(i) Daraah of Khwaja Karrak. Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid (1688-89). Temple site.

  1. Kot, Ladin-ki-Masjid (built in 1198-99, reconstructed in 1296). Temple site.

XVII. Fyzabad District.

  1. Akbarpur

(i) Qala-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1660-61). Temple site.

  1. Ayodhya

(i) Babari Masjid. RAma-Janmabhumi Temple site.
(ii) Masjid built by Aurangzeb. Swargadvara Temple site.
(iii) Masjid built by Aurangzeb. Treta-ka-Thakur Temple site.
(iv) Mazar of Shah Juran Ghuri. Temple site.
(v) Mazars of Sir Paighambar and Ayub Paighambar near Maniparvat. On the site of a Buddhist Temple which contained footmarks of the Buddha.

  1. Fyzabad, Imambara. Temple site.
  2. Hatila, Mazar of a Ghazi. Aśokanatha Mahadeva. Temple site.
  3. Kichauchha, Dargah of Makhdum Ashraf in nearby Rasulpur. Temple site.

XVIII. Ghazipur District.

  1. Bhitri

(i) Masjid and Mazar. Temple materials used.
(ii) Idgah. Temple site.
(iii) Bridge below the Idgah. Buddhist Temple materials used.

  1. Ghazipur

(i) Mazar and Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Chahal Situn Palace. Temple site.

  1. Hingtar

(i) Qala-ki-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Khagrol, Bara Khamba or Dargah of Shykh Ambar. Temple site.
  2. Saidpur, Two Dargahs. Converted Buddhist Temples.

XIX. Gonda District.

Sahet-Mahet (Śravasti)

(i) Maqbara. On the plinth of Sobhnath Jain Temple.
(ii) Mazar of Miran Sayyid. On the ruins a Buddhist Vihara.
(iii) Imli Darwaza. Temple materials used.
(iv) Karbala Darwaza. Temple materials used.

XX. Gorakhpur District.

  1. Gorakhpur, Imambara. Temple site.
  2. Lar, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
  3. Pava, Karbala. On the ruins of a Buddhist Stupa.

XXI. Hamirpur District

  1. Mahoba

(i) Masjid outside Bhainsa Darwaza of the Fort (1322). Converted temple.
(ii) Masjid built on a part of the Palace of Parmardideva on the Hill. Temple materials used.
(iii) Two Maqbaras. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargah of Pir Muhammad Shah. Converted Siva temple.
(v) Dargah of MubArak Shah and Graveyard nearby. Contain no less than 310 pillar from demolished temples.

  1. Rath, Two Maqbaras. Temple materials used.

XXII. Hardoi District.

  1. Bilgram

(i) Sayyidoñ-ki-Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Jami Masjid (1438). Temple materials used.
(iii) Several other Masjids and Dargahs. Temple materials used.

  1. Gopamau, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
  2. Pihani

(i) Abdul Gafur-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Sadr-i-Jahan (1647-48). Temple site.

  1. Sandila

(i) Qadim Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Mazar in Barah Khamba. Temple site.

XXIII. Jalaun District.

  1. Kalpi

(i) Chaurasi Gumbad complex of tombs. Many temple sites.
(ii) Dargah of Shah Abdul Fath Alai Quraishi (1449). Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Shah Babu Haji Samad (1529). Temple site.
(iv) DeoDhi or Jami Masjid (1554). Temple site.

  1. Katra, Masjid (1649). Temple site.

XXIV. Jaunpur District.

  1. Jaunpur

(i) Atala Masjid (1408). Atala DevI Temple materials used.
(ii) Dariba Masjid. Vijayachandra’s Temple materials used.
(iii) Jhañjari Masjid. Jayachandra’s Temple materials used.
(iv) Lal Darwaza Masjid. Temple materials from the Viśveśvara Temple at Varanasi used.
(v) HammAm Darwaza Masjid (1567-68). Temple materials used.
(vi) Ibrahim Barbak-ki-Masjid inside the Fort (1360). Temple materials used.
(vii) Jami Masjid. Patala Devi Temple site.
(viii) Fort. Temple materials used.
(ix) Akbari Bridge on the Gomati. Temple materials used.
(x) Khalis Mukhlis or Char Anguli Masjid. Temple site.
(xi) Khan Jahan-ki-Masjid (1364). Temple site.
(xii) Rauza of Shah Firuz. Temple site.

  1. Machhlishahar

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Karbala. Temple site.
(iii) Sixteen other Masjids. Temple sites.

  1. Shahganj, Dargah of Shah Hazrat Ali. Temple site.
  2. Zafarabad

(i) Masjid and Dargah of Makhdum Shah (1311 or 1321). Temple materials used.
(ii) Ibrahim Barbak-ki-Masjid. Converted temple.
(iii) Zafar Khan-ki-Masjid (1397). Converted temple.
(iv) Ganj-i-Shahidan. Temple materials used.
(v) Fort. Temple materials used.
(vi) Early Sharqi buildings including many Maqbaras. Temple materials used.
(vii) Dargah of Asaru’d-Din. Temple materials used.

XXV. Jhansi District.

  1. Irich, Jami Masjid (1412). Temple materials used.
  2. Lalitpur, Basa Masjid (1358). Materials of four temples used.
  3. Talbhat

(i) Masjid (1405). Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Pir Taj Baj. Temple site.

XXVI. Kanpur District.

  1. Jajmau

(i) Dargah of Alau’d-Din Makhdum Shah (1360). Temple site.
(ii) Idgah (1307). Temple site.
(iii) Qala-ki-Masjid. Temple site.
(iv) Jami Masjid (renovated in 1682). Temple site.

  1. Makanpur, Mazar of Shah Madar. Converted temple.

XXVII. Lucknow District.

  1. Kakori, Jhañjhari Rauza of Makhdum Nizamu’d-Din. Temple materials used.
  2. Lucknow

(i) Tilewali. Masjid Temple site.
(ii) Ãsafu’d-Daula Imambara. Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Shah Muhammad Pir on Lakshmana Tila renamed Pir Muhammad Hill. Temple site.
(iv) Mazar of Shykh Ibrahim Chishti Rahmatullah. Temple materials used.
(v) Nadan Mahal or Maqbara of Shykh Abdu’r-Rahim. Temple site.
(vi) Machchi Bhavan. Temple sites.

  1. Musanagar, Masjid (1662-63). Temple site.
  2. Nimsar, Fort. Temple materials used.
  3. Rasulpur, Masjid (1690-91). Temple site.

XXVIII. Mainpuri District.

Rapri

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Idgah (1312). Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Pir Faddu. Temple site.

XXIX. Mathura District.

  1. Mahaban, Assi Khamba Masjid. Converted temple.
  2. Mathura

(i) Idgah on the Katra Mound. Keśvadeva. Temple site.
(ii) Jami Masjid built by Abdu’n-nabi (1662). Temple materials used.
(iii) Mazar of Shykh Farid. Temple materials used.
(iv) Mazar of Makhdum Shah Wilayat at Sami Ghat. Temple materials used.

  1. Naujhil, Dargah of Makhdum Shykh Saheti Sahib. Temple materials used.

XXX. Mecrut District.

  1. Barnawa, Humayun’s Masjid (1538-39). Temple site.
  2. Garhmuktesar, Masjid (1283). Temple site.
  3. Hapur, Jami Masjid (1670-71). Temple site.
  4. Jalali, Jami Masjid (1266-67). Temple materials used.
  5. Meerut

(i) Jami Masjid. Stands on the ruins of a Buddhist Vihara.
(ii) Dargah at Nauchandi. Nauchandi Devi Temple site.

  1. Phalauda, Dargah of Qutb Shah. Temple site.

XXXI. Mirzapur District.

  1. Bhuli, Masjid in Dakhni Tola. Temple site.
  2. Chunar

(i) Mazar of Shah Qasim Sulaiman. Temple site.
(ii) Fort. Temple materials used.

  1. Mirzapur, Several Masjids. Temple sites.

XXXII. Moradabad District.

  1. Amroha

(i) Jami Masjid. Converted temple.
(ii) Dargah and Masjid of Shykh Saddu. Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Shykh Wilayat. Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1557-58). Temple site.
(v) Many other Masjids. Temple sites.

  1. Azampur, Masjid (1555-56). Temple site.
  2. Bachhraon, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
  3. Moradabad, Jami Masjid (1630). Temple site.
  4. Mughalpura-Agwanpur, Masjid (1695-96). Temple site.
  5. Sirsi, Qadimi Masjid. Temple site.
  6. Ujhari, Mazar of Shykh Daud. Temple site.
  7. Sambhal

(i) Jami Masjid. Converted VishNu Temple.
(ii) Masjid in Sarai Tarim (1503). Temple site.
(iii) Mazar of Mian Hatim Sambhali. Temple site.
(iv) Mazar of Shykh Panju. Temple site.

XXXIII. Muzaffarnagar District.

  1. Daira Din Panah, Mazar of Sayyid Din Panah. Temple site.
  2. Ghausgah, Fort and Masjid. Temple materials used.
  3. Jhinjhana

(i) Dargah (1495). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid and Mazar of Shah Abdul Razzaq (1623). Temple site.

  1. Kairana

(i) Dargah. Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1551). Temple site.
(iii) Masjid (1553-54). Temple site.
(iv) Masjid (1617-18). Temple site.
(v) Masjid (1630-31). Temple site.
(vi) Masjid (1651-52). Temple site.

  1. Majhera, Masjid and Mazar of Umar Nur. Temple site.
  2. Sambhalhera, Two Masjids (1631-32). Temple site.
  3. Thana Bhawan, Masjid (1702-03). Temple site.

XXXIV. Pilibhit District.

Jami Masjid. Temple site.

XXXV. Pratapgarh District.

Manikpur, Many Masjids and Mazars. On the ruins of demolished temples.

XXXVI. Rampur District.

Jami Masjid. Temple site.

XXXVII. Rae Bareli District.

  1. Datmau

(i) Idgah (1357-58). Temple site.
(ii) Fort. On the ruins of Buddhist Stupas.
(iii) Masjid (1616). Temple site.

  1. Jais

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple materials used.
(ii) Masjid (1674-75). Temple site.

  1. Rae Bareli

(i) Jami Masjid. Temple site.
(ii) Jahan Khan Masjid. Temple site.
(iii) Dargah of Makhdum Sayyid Jafari. Temple site.
(iv) Fort. Temple materials used.

XXXVIII. Saharanpur District.

  1. Ambahata

(i) Masjid (1533-34). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1534-35). Temple site.

  1. Deoband

(i) Masjid (1510). Temple site.
(ii) Masjid (1557). Temple site.
(iii) Jami Masjid (1677-78). Temple site.

  1. Gangoh

(i) Mazar of Shykh Abdul Quddus. Temple site.
(ii) Three Masjids. Temple sites.

  1. Jaurasi, Masjid (1675-76). Temple site.
  2. Kaliyar, Dargah of Shykh Alau’d-Din Ali bin Ahmad Sabri, a disciple of Baba Farid Shakar Ganj of Pak Pattan. Temple site.
  3. Manglaur

(i) Masjid (1285). Temple site.
(ii) Dargah of Shah Wilayat. Temple site.

  1. Rampur, Mazar of Shykh Ibrahim. Temple site.
  2. Saharanpur, Jami Masjid. Temple site.
  3. Sakrauda, Dargah of Shah Ruknu’d-Din or Shah Nachchan. Temple site.
  4. Sirsawa, Mazar of Pir Kilkili Shah. On top of temples destroyed.

XXXIX. Shahjahanpur District.

  1. Kursi, Masjid (1652). Temple site.
  2. Shahjahanpur, Bahadur Khan-ki-Masjid (1647). Temple site.

XL. Sitapur District.

  1. Biswan, Masjid (1637-38). Temple site.
  2. Khairabad, Several Masjids. Temple sites.
  3. Laharpur, Mazar of Shykh Abdu’r-Rahman. Temple site.

XLI. Sultanpur District.

  1. Amethi, Mazar of Shykh Abdul Hasan. Temple site.
  2. Isuli

(i) Jami Masjid (1646-47). Temple site.
(ii) Mazar of Sayyid Ashraf Jahangir Simnani. Temple site.

XLII. Unao District.

  1. Bangarmau

(i) BaDi Dargah of Alau’d-Din Ghanaun (1320). Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Jalalu’d-DIn (d. 1302). Temple site.
(iii) ChhoTi Dargah (1374). Temple site.
(iv) Jami Masjid (1384). Temple site.

  1. Rasulabad, Alamgiri Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Safipur

(i) Dargah of Shah Shafi. Temple materials used.
(ii) Dargah of Qudratu’llah. Temple materials used.
(iii) Dargah of Fahimu’llah. Temple materials used.
(iv) Dargah of Hafizu’llah. Temple materials used.
(v) Dargah of Abdu’llah. Temple materials used.
(vi) Fourteen Masjids. Temple sites.

XLIII. Varanasi District.

  1. Asla, Shah Jahani Masjid. Temple site.
  2. Varanasi

(i) Masjid at Gyanavapi. Viśveśvara Temple material used.
(ii) Masjid at Panchaganga Ghat. KiriTaviśveśvara Temple materials used.
(iii) Masjid and Dargah of Sayyid Fakhru’d-Din Sahib Alvi (1375) Temple site.
(iv) Bindu Madhava Masjid (1669). Converted Biñdu-Madhava Temple.
(v) Masjid and Mazar at Bakariya Kund. Temple materials used.
(vi) ADhai Kañgra-ki-Masjid in Adampura. Temple site.
(vii) Darhara Masjid. Temple site.
(viii) Mazar of Lal Khan at Rajghat. Temple site.

Footnotes:

  1. The word ‘Hindu’ in the present context stands for all schools of Sanatana Dharma-Buddhism, Jainism, Saivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism and the rest. ↩

  2. History of Aurangzeb, Calcutta, 1925-52. ↩

  3. Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors, Bombay, 1962. ↩

  4. Advice tendered to this author by Dilip Padgaonkar, editor of The Times of India, in the context of quoting correct history. Small wonder that he has converted this prestigious daily into a platform for communist politicians masquerading as historians. ‘Perhaps you want,’ wrote a reader, ‘to invest them with some kind of academic glory by using the legend of JNU, but their best introduction, intellectually speaking, is that they are Stalinist historians. Their ideological brothers in the press make sure, through selective reporting and publishing, that their views are properly advertised. The Times of India, too, is in this rank; its editorials, leading articles, special reports-all breathe venom, not just against Ram Janmabhumi but any Hindu viewpoint. Anything in sympathy with this viewpoint is conscientiously kept out’ (The Times of India, November 11, 1989, Letters). ↩

  5. Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report 1925-26. Pp. 129-30. ↩

  6. Ibid., p. 129. ↩

  7. Ibid., p. l28. ↩

  8. Ibid., 1907-08, p. 113. ↩

  9. Ibid., Pp. 114. ↩

  10. Ibid., p. 114-15. Technical details have been omitted and emphasis added. ↩

  11. Ibid., p. 116. ↩

  12. Ibid., p. 120. ↩

  13. Ibid., p. 126. ↩

  14. Ibid., p. 61. ↩

  15. Ibid., 1907-08, Pp. 47, to 72. ↩

  16. Ibid., 1903-04, p. 86. ↩

  17. Ibid., 1902-3, p. 52. ↩

  18. Ibid., 1921-22, p. 83. ↩

  19. Ibid., p. 84. ↩

  20. Ibid., 1902-03, p. 56. ↩

  21. Ibid., 1933-34, Pp. 36-37. ↩

  22. Ibid., 1902-03, Pp. 16-17. ↩

  23. Ibid., 1993-4, Pp. 31-32. ↩

  24. Ibid., 1902-03, Pp. 17-18. ↩

  25. Ibid., 1903-04, p. 43. ↩

  26. Ibid., p. 63. ↩

  27. Ibid., 1904-05, p. 24. ↩

  28. Ibid., 1929-30, p. 29. ↩

  29. Ibid., 1928-29, Pp. 167-68. ↩

  30. Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire, New Delhi Reprint, 1962, Pp. 199-200. ↩

  31. Archaeological Survey of India, Volume I : Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65, Varanasi Reprint, 1972, Pp. 440-41. ↩

  32. Ratan Pribhdas Hingorani, Sites Index to A.S.I. Circle Reports New Delhi 1978, Pp. 17-262. ↩

  33. A decision to this effect was taken by the Archaeological Survey of India soon after independence, ostensibly under guidelines laid down by an international conference. ↩

  34. S.A.A. Rizvi, History of Sufism in India, Volume 1, New Delhi, 1978, P. 189. ↩

  35. Ghulam Abdul Qadir Nazir, Bahr-i-Azam or Travels of Azam Shah Nawwab Walajah, 1823, Madras, 1960, p. 128. ↩

  36. Ibid., p. 64. ↩

  37. Ibid., p. 128. ↩

  38. Dates given in brackets refer to the Christian era. ↩